行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 14 平台包含可能影響應用程式的行為變更。 下列行為變更適用於在 Android 14 上執行的「所有應用程式」。 無論是 targetSdkVersion。您應測試應用程式，並視需要修改，以便在適當情況下支援新版本功能。

請務必檢閱影響應用程式的行為變更清單 針對 Android 14

核心功能

根據預設，系統會拒絕排定精確鬧鐘

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

在應用程式快取期間，註冊使用情境的廣播訊息會排入佇列

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

應用程式只能終止自己的背景處理程序

Starting in Android 14, when your app calls killBackgroundProcesses(), the API can kill only the background processes of your own app.

If you pass in the package name of another app, this method has no effect on that app's background processes, and the following message appears in Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

Your app shouldn't use the killBackgroundProcesses() API or otherwise attempt to influence the process lifecycle of other apps, even on older OS versions. Android is designed to keep cached apps in the background and kill them automatically when the system needs memory. If your app kills other apps unnecessarily, it can reduce system performance and increase battery consumption by requiring full restarts of those apps later, which takes significantly more resources than resuming an existing cached app.

Note: It isn't possible for a 3rd-party application to improve the memory, power, or thermal behavior of an Android device. You should ensure that your app is compliant with Google Play's policy regarding misleading claims.

第一個要求 MTU 的 GATT 用戶端的 MTU 已設為 517

Starting from Android 14, the Android Bluetooth stack more strictly adheres to Version 5.2 of the Bluetooth Core Specification and requests the BLE ATT MTU to 517 bytes when the first GATT client requests an MTU using the BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API, and disregards all subsequent MTU requests on that ACL connection.

Note: This change doesn't have an impact unless the peripheral device isn't handling the MTU negotiation properly and accepting any MTU size even if it doesn't support it. In such cases, it could cause issues when your app sends large amounts of data from Android 14 devices.

To address this change and make your app more robust, consider the following options:

• Your peripheral device should respond to the Android device's MTU request with a reasonable value that can be accommodated by the peripheral. The final negotiated value will be a minimum of the Android requested value and the remote provided value (for example, min(517, remoteMtu))
  • Implementing this fix could require a firmware update for peripheral
• Alternatively, limit your GATT characteristic writes based on the minimum between the known supported value of your peripheral and the received MTU change
  • A reminder that you should reduce 5 bytes from the supported size for the headers
  • For example: arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

應用程式會排入受限待命值區的新原因

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

Note: See power management to see how the app is impacted if it is placed into the restricted bucket. The app is moved back to the active bucket when the user launches the app to the foreground, just as in previous Android versions.

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock 限制為 64 KB

在 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本中，平台會將可使用 mlock() 鎖定的最大記憶體量，從每個程序 64 KB 降至 64 KB。在先前版本中，每個程序的限制為 64 MB。這項限制可促進應用程式和系統的記憶體管理。為在各裝置上提供更一致的體驗，Android 14 新增了新的 CTS 測試，針對相容裝置的新 mlock() 限制進行測試。

系統會強制執行快取應用程式的資源使用情形

从设计上讲，当应用的进程移至后台且没有任何其他应用进程组件在运行时，应用进程将处于缓存状态。此类应用进程可能会因系统内存压力而终止。在此状态下，Activity 实例在调用并返回 onStop() 方法后执行的任何工作均不可靠，强烈建议不要这样做。

Android 14 对此设计引入了一致性和强制执行要求。在应用进程进入缓存状态后不久，系统会禁止后台工作，直到进程组件重新进入生命周期的活跃状态。

使用框架支持的典型生命周期 API（例如服务、JobScheduler 和 Jetpack WorkManager）的应用应该不受这些变化的影响。

使用者體驗

關於使用者無法關閉通知的變更

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

• When the phone is locked
• If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

• CallStyle notifications
• Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
• Media notifications
• The default Search Selector package

以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊

為了加強使用者隱私，Android 14 會增加系統顯示您在 Play 管理中心表單中宣告的資訊地點數量。目前，使用者可以在 Google Play 應用程式商店資訊的「資料安全性」專區中查看這項資訊。

建議您查看應用程式的位置資料分享政策，並撥冗為應用程式的 Google Play 資料安全性專區進行適用的更新。

詳情請參閱這份指南，瞭解 Android 14 如何以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊。

無障礙設定

非線性字型縮放至 200%

自 Android 14 起，系統將支援高達 200% 的字型縮放倍數，為低視能使用者提供符合無障礙網頁內容規範 (WCAG)的額外無障礙選項。

如果您已使用經過調整像素 (sp) 的單位定義文字大小，則這項變更對應用程式不會造成太大影響。不過，您應該在啟用最大字型大小 (200%) 的情況下執行 UI 測試，確保應用程式能夠在不影響可用性的情況下，因應更大的字型。

安全性

可安裝的目標 API 級別下限

Starting with Android 14, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet these minimum target API level requirements improves security and privacy for users.

Malware often targets older API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in newer Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 14 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level will result in an installation failure, with the following message appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 14, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 will remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

媒體擁有者的套件名稱可能會被遮蓋

媒体库支持查询 OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME 列，该列表示存储特定媒体文件的应用。从 Android 14 开始，除非满足以下条件之一，否则系统会隐去此值：

• 存储媒体文件的应用有一个软件包名称始终对其他应用可见。

• 查询媒体库的应用会请求 QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES 权限。

  注意：使用 QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES 权限需遵守 Google Play 政策。

详细了解 Android 如何出于隐私保护目的而过滤软件包可见性。