行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 14 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，當應用程式在 Android 14 上執行時，下列行為變更將會套用至所有應用程式。您應測試應用程式，並視需要修改，以便在適當情況下支援新版本功能。

另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 14 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更。

核心功能

根據預設，系統會拒絕排定精確鬧鐘

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

在應用程式快取期間，註冊使用情境的廣播訊息會排入佇列

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

應用程式只能終止自己的背景處理程序

Starting in Android 14, when your app calls killBackgroundProcesses(), the API can kill only the background processes of your own app.

If you pass in the package name of another app, this method has no effect on that app's background processes, and the following message appears in Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

Your app shouldn't use the killBackgroundProcesses() API or otherwise attempt to influence the process lifecycle of other apps, even on older OS versions. Android is designed to keep cached apps in the background and kill them automatically when the system needs memory. If your app kills other apps unnecessarily, it can reduce system performance and increase battery consumption by requiring full restarts of those apps later, which takes significantly more resources than resuming an existing cached app.

Note: It isn't possible for a 3rd-party application to improve the memory, power, or thermal behavior of an Android device. You should ensure that your app is compliant with Google Play's policy regarding misleading claims.

針對要求 MTU 的第一個 GATT 用戶端，將 MTU 設為 517

从 Android 14 开始，Android 蓝牙堆栈会更严格地遵循 蓝牙核心规范 5.2 版，并在第一个 GATT 客户端使用 BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API 请求 MTU 时将 BLE ATT MTU 请求设为 517 字节，并忽略该 ACL 连接上的所有后续 MTU 请求。

注意 ：除非外围设备未正确处理 MTU 协商并接受任何 MTU 大小（即使不支持），否则此更改不会产生影响。在这种情况下，当您的应用从 Android 14 设备发送大量数据时，可能会导致出现问题。

如需解决此更改并使您的应用更为稳健，请考虑以下选项：

• 您的外围设备应使用外围设备可以容纳的合理值来响应 Android 设备的 MTU 请求。最终协商的值将是 Android 请求的值和远程提供的值（例如 min(517, remoteMtu)）的较小值
  • 实现此修复程序可能需要更新外围设备的固件
• 或者，您也可以根据外围设备的已知支持值与收到的 MTU 更改值之间的最小值来限制 GATT 特征写入
  • 提醒您，应将标头的支持大小减小 5 个字节
  • 例如：arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

應用程式可被置入受限制待命值區的新原因

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

Note: See power management to see how the app is impacted if it is placed into the restricted bucket. The app is moved back to the active bucket when the user launches the app to the foreground, just as in previous Android versions.

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock 限制為 64 KB

在 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本中，平台會將可使用 mlock() 鎖定的最大記憶體量，從每個程序 64 KB 降至 64 KB。在先前版本中，每個程序的限制為 64 MB。這項限制可促進應用程式和系統的記憶體管理。為在各裝置上提供更一致的體驗，Android 14 新增了新的 CTS 測試，針對相容裝置的新 mlock() 限制進行測試。

系統會強制執行快取應用程式的資源使用情形

从设计上讲，当应用的进程移至后台且没有任何其他应用进程组件在运行时，应用进程将处于缓存状态。此类应用进程可能会因系统内存压力而终止。在此状态下，Activity 实例在调用并返回 onStop() 方法后执行的任何工作均不可靠，强烈建议不要这样做。

Android 14 对此设计引入了一致性和强制执行要求。在应用进程进入缓存状态后不久，系统会禁止后台工作，直到进程组件重新进入生命周期的活跃状态。

使用框架支持的典型生命周期 API（例如服务、JobScheduler 和 Jetpack WorkManager）的应用应该不受这些变化的影响。

使用者體驗

關於使用者無法關閉通知的變更

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

• When the phone is locked
• If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

• CallStyle notifications
• Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
• Media notifications
• The default Search Selector package

以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊

To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.

We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.

Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.

無障礙設定

非線性字型縮放至 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then this change probably won't have a high impact on your app. However, you should perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

安全性

可安裝的目標 API 級別下限

从 Android 14 开始，targetSdkVersion 低于 23 的应用无法安装。要求应用满足这些最低目标 API 级别要求有助于提高用户的安全性和隐私性。

恶意软件通常会以较旧的 API 级别为目标平台，以绕过在较新版本 Android 中引入的安全和隐私保护机制。例如，有些恶意软件应用使用 targetSdkVersion 22，以避免受到 Android 6.0 Marshmallow（API 级别 23）在 2015 年引入的运行时权限模型的约束。这项 Android 14 变更使恶意软件更难以规避安全和隐私权方面的改进限制。尝试安装以较低 API 级别为目标平台的应用将导致安装失败，并且 Logcat 中会显示以下消息：

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

在升级到 Android 14 的设备上，targetSdkVersion 低于 23 的所有应用都将继续保持安装状态。

如果您需要测试以旧版 API 级别为目标平台的应用，请使用以下 ADB 命令：

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

媒體擁有者的套件名稱可能會被遮蓋

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

• The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.

• The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

  Caution: Use of the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission is subject to Google Play Policy.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.