Modifiche al comportamento: tutte le app

La piattaforma Android 15 include modifiche al comportamento che potrebbero influire sulla tua app. Le seguenti modifiche al comportamento si applicano a tutte le app quando vengono eseguite su Android 15, indipendentemente da targetSdkVersion. Devi testare la tua app e poi modificarla in base alle necessità per supportarli correttamente, ove applicabile.

Assicurati di esaminare anche l'elenco delle modifiche al comportamento che interessano solo le app che hanno come target Android 15.

Funzionalità di base

Android 15 modifica o espande varie funzionalità di base del sistema Android.

Modifiche allo stato di interruzione del pacchetto

The intention of the package FLAG_STOPPED state (which users can engage in AOSP builds by long-pressing an app icon and selecting "Force Stop") has always been to keep apps in this state until the user explicitly removes the app from this state by directly launching the app or indirectly interacting with the app (through the sharesheet or a widget, selecting the app as live wallpaper, etc.). In Android 15, we've updated the behavior of the system to be aligned with this intended behavior. Apps should only be removed from the stopped state through direct or indirect user action.

To support the intended behavior, in addition to the existing restrictions, the system also cancels all pending intents when the app enters the stopped state on a device running Android 15. When the user's actions remove the app from the stopped state, the ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast is delivered to the app providing an opportunity to re-register any pending intents.

You can call the new ApplicationStartInfo.wasForceStopped() method to confirm whether the app was put into the stopped state.

Supporto delle dimensioni delle pagine di 16 kB

从历史上看，Android 仅支持 4 KB 内存页面大小，这优化了系统内存性能，以适应 Android 设备通常拥有的平均总内存量。从 Android 15 开始，AOSP 支持配置为使用 16 KB 页面大小的设备（16 KB 设备）。如果您的应用直接或通过 SDK 间接使用任何 NDK 库，则需要重新构建应用，才能在这些 16 KB 设备上运行。

随着设备制造商不断制造出具有更大物理内存 (RAM) 的设备，许多此类设备将采用 16 KB（最终甚至更大）的页面大小来优化设备性能。添加对 16 KB 页面大小设备的支持，可让您的应用在这些设备上运行，并帮助您的应用受益于相关的性能改进。如果不重新编译，应用将无法在未来 Android 版本的 16 KB 设备上运行。

为帮助您为应用添加支持，我们提供了相关指南，介绍了如何检查应用是否受到影响、如何重新构建应用（如果适用），以及如何使用模拟器（包括 Android 模拟器的 Android 15 系统映像）在 16 KB 环境中测试应用。

Benefits and performance gains

配置为使用 16 KB 页面大小的设备平均会使用略多一些的内存，但系统和应用的性能也会得到各种提升：

  • 缩短了系统内存压力时的应用启动时间：平均降低了 3.16%；对于我们测试的某些应用而言，改进幅度更大（最高可达 30%）
  • 应用启动期间的功耗降低：平均降低了 4.56%
  • 相机启动更快：热启动速度平均提高了 4.48%，冷启动速度平均提高了 6.60%
  • 缩短了系统启动时间：平均缩短了 8%（约 950 毫秒）

这些改进基于我们的初始测试，实际设备上的结果可能会有所不同。随着测试的继续进行，我们将进一步分析应用的潜在收益。

Check if your app is impacted

Se la tua app utilizza codice nativo, devi ricompilarla con il supporto per i dispositivi da 16 kB. Se non sai con certezza se la tua app utilizza codice nativo, puoi utilizzare APK Analyzer per identificare se è presente codice nativo e poi controllare l'allineamento dei segmenti ELF per le librerie condivise che trovi. Android Studio offre anche funzionalità che ti aiutano a rilevare automaticamente i problemi di allineamento.

Se la tua app utilizza solo codice scritto nel linguaggio di programmazione Java o in Kotlin, incluse tutte le librerie o gli SDK, allora la tua app supporta già dispositivi da 16 KB. Tuttavia, ti consigliamo di testare l'app in un ambiente da 16 KB per verificare che non si verifichino regressioni impreviste nel comportamento dell'app.

Modifiche necessarie per alcune app per supportare lo spazio privato

Private space is a new feature in Android 15 that lets users create a separate space on their device where they can keep sensitive apps away from prying eyes, under an additional layer of authentication. Because apps in the private space have restricted visibility, some types of apps need to take additional steps to be able to see and interact with apps in a user's private space.

All apps

Because apps in the private space are kept in a separate user profile, similar to work profiles, apps shouldn't assume that any installed copies of their app that aren't in the main profile are in the work profile. If your app has logic related to work profile apps that make this assumption, you'll need to adjust this logic.

Medical apps

When a user locks the private space, all apps in the private space are stopped, and those apps can't perform foreground or background activities, including showing notifications. This behavior might critically impact the use and function of medical apps installed in the private space.

The private space setup experience warns users that the private space is not suitable for apps that need to perform critical foreground or background activities, such as showing notifications from medical apps. However, apps can't determine whether or not they're being used in the private space, so they can't show a warning to the user for this case.

For these reasons, if you develop a medical app, review how this feature might impact your app and take appropriate actions—such as informing your users not to install your app in the private space—to avoid disrupting critical app capabilities.

Launcher apps

If you develop a launcher app, you must do the following before apps in the private space will be visible:

  1. Your app must be assigned as the default launcher app for the device—that is, possessing the ROLE_HOME role.
  2. Your app must declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES normal permission in your app's manifest file.

Launcher apps that declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES permission must handle the following private space use cases:

  1. Your app must have a separate launcher container for apps installed in the private space. Use the getLauncherUserInfo() method to determine which type of user profile is being handled.
  2. The user must be able to hide and show the private space container.
  3. The user must be able to lock and unlock the private space container. Use the requestQuietModeEnabled() method to lock (by passing true) or unlock (by passing false) the private space.

  4. While locked, no apps in the private space container should be visible or discoverable through mechanisms such as search. Your app should register a receiver for the ACTION_PROFILE_AVAILABLE and ACTION_PROFILE_UNAVAILABLE broadcasts and update the UI in your app when the locked or unlocked state of the private space container changes. Both of these broadcasts include EXTRA_USER, which your app can use to refer to the private profile user.

    You can also use the isQuietModeEnabled() method to check whether the private space profile is locked or not.

App store apps

The private space includes an "Install Apps" button that launches an implicit intent to install apps into the user's private space. In order for your app to receive this implicit intent, declare an <intent-filter> in your app's manifest file with a <category> of CATEGORY_APP_MARKET.

Carattere emoji basato su PNG rimosso

The legacy, PNG-based emoji font file (NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf) has been removed, leaving just the vector-based file. Beginning with Android 13 (API level 33), the emoji font file used by the system emoji renderer changed from a PNG-based file to a vector based file. The system retained the legacy font file in Android 13 and 14 for compatibility reasons, so that apps with their own font renderers could continue to use the legacy font file until they were able to upgrade.

To check if your app is affected, search your app's code for references to the NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf file.

You can choose to adapt your app in a number of ways:

  • Use platform APIs for text rendering. You can render text to a bitmap-backed Canvas and use that to get a raw image if necessary.
  • Add COLRv1 font support to your app. The FreeType open source library supports COLRv1 in version 2.13.0 and higher.
  • As a last resort, you can bundle the legacy emoji font file (NotoColorEmoji.ttf) into your APK, although in that case your app will be missing the latest emoji updates. For more information, see the Noto Emoji GitHub project page.

Aumento della versione minima dell'SDK target da 23 a 24

Android 15 builds on the the changes that were made in Android 14 and extends this security further. In Android 15, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet modern API levels helps to ensure better security and privacy.

Malware often targets lower API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in higher Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 15 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level results in an installation failure, with a message like the following one appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 24, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 15, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Sicurezza e privacy

Android 15 introduces robust measures to combat one-time passcode (OTP) fraud and to protect the user's sensitive content, focusing on hardening the Notification Listener Service and screenshare protections. Key enhancements include redacting OTPs from notifications accessible to untrusted apps, hiding notifications during screenshare, and securing app activities when OTPs are posted. These changes aim to keep the user's sensitive content safe from unauthorized actors.

Developers need to be aware of the following to ensure their apps are compatible with the changes in Android 15:

OTP Redaction

Android will stop untrusted apps that implement a NotificationListenerService from reading unredacted content from notifications where an OTP has been detected. Trusted apps such as companion device manager associations are exempt from these restrictions.

Screenshare Protection

  • Notification content is hidden during screen sharing sessions to preserve the user's privacy. If the app implements setPublicVersion(), Android shows the public version of the notification which serves as a replacement notification in insecure contexts. Otherwise, the notification content is redacted without any further context.
  • Sensitive content like password input is hidden from remote viewers to prevent revealing the user's sensitive information.
  • Activities from apps that post notifications during screenshare where an OTP has been detected will be hidden. App content is hidden from the remote viewer when launched.
  • Beyond Android's automatic identification of sensitive fields, developers can manually mark parts of their app as sensitive using setContentSensitivity, which is hidden from remote viewers during screenshare.
  • Developers can choose to toggle the Disable screen share protections option under Developer Options to be exempted from the screenshare protections for demo or testing purposes. The default system screen recorder is exempted from these changes, since the recordings remain on-device.

Fotocamera e contenuti multimediali

Android 15 apporta le seguenti modifiche al comportamento della fotocamera e dei contenuti multimediali per tutte le app.

La riproduzione audio diretta e l'offload invalidano le tracce audio dirette o con offload aperte in precedenza quando vengono raggiunti i limiti delle risorse

在 Android 15 之前，如果某个应用在另一个应用播放音频且达到资源限制时请求直接或分流音频播放，该应用将无法打开新的 AudioTrack。

从 Android 15 开始，当应用请求直接播放或分流播放且达到资源限制时，系统会使任何当前打开的 AudioTrack 对象失效，以防止执行新轨道请求。

（直接音轨和分流音轨通常会打开，以播放压缩音频格式。播放直接音频的常见用例包括通过 HDMI 将编码的音频流式传输到电视。分流轨道通常用于在具有硬件 DSP 加速的移动设备上播放压缩音频。）

Esperienza utente e UI di sistema

Android 15 include alcune modifiche volte a creare un'esperienza utente più coerente e intuitiva.

Animazioni predittive per Indietro attivate per le app che hanno eseguito l'opt-in

从 Android 15 开始，预测性返回动画的开发者选项已被移除。现在，如果应用已完全或在 activity 级别选择启用预测性返回手势，则系统会为其显示“返回主屏幕”“跨任务”和“跨 activity”等系统动画。如果您的应用受到了影响，请执行以下操作：

  • 确保您的应用已正确迁移，以使用预测性返回手势。
  • 确保 fragment 转场效果可与预测性返回导航搭配使用。
  • 请弃用动画和框架过渡，改用动画和 androidx 过渡。
  • 从 FragmentManager 不认识的返回堆栈迁移。请改用由 FragmentManager 或 Navigation 组件管理的返回堆栈。

Widget disattivati quando l'utente arresta forzatamente un'app

If a user force-stops an app on a device running Android 15, the system temporarily disables all the app's widgets. The widgets are grayed out, and the user cannot interact with them. This is because beginning with Android 15, the system cancels all an app's pending intents when the app is force-stopped.

The system re-enables those widgets the next time the user launches the app.

For more information, see Changes to package stopped state.

Il chip della barra di stato della proiezione dei contenuti multimediali avvisa gli utenti della condivisione dello schermo, della trasmissione e della registrazione

屏幕投影漏洞会泄露用户的私密数据（例如财务信息），因为用户不知道自己的设备屏幕正在共享。

对于搭载 Android 15 QPR1 或更高版本的设备上运行的应用，系统会在状态栏中显示一个醒目的大条状标签，以提醒用户正在进行的任何屏幕投影。用户可以点按该条状标签，停止共享、投放或录制其屏幕。此外，当设备屏幕锁定时，屏幕投影会自动停止。

Chip barra delle app per condivisione schermo, trasmissione e registrazione.

Check if your app is impacted

By default, your app includes the status bar chip and automatically suspends screen projection when the lock screen activates.

To learn more about how to test your app for these use cases, see Status bar chip and auto stop.

Limitazioni di accesso alla rete in background

In Android 15, apps that start a network request outside of a valid process lifecycle receive an exception. Typically, an UnknownHostException or other socket-related IOException. Network requests that happen outside of a valid lifecycle are usually due to apps unknowingly continuing a network request even after the app is no longer active.

To mitigate this exception, ensure your network requests are lifecycle aware and cancelled upon leaving a valid process lifecycle by using lifecycle aware components. If it is important that the network request should happen even when the user leaves the application, consider scheduling the network request using WorkManager or continue a user visible task using Foreground Service.

Ritiri

Con ogni release, API Android specifiche potrebbero diventare obsolete o dover essere refattorizzate per offrire una migliore esperienza per gli sviluppatori o supportare nuove funzionalità della piattaforma. In questi casi, ritiriamo ufficialmente le API obsolete e indirizziamo gli sviluppatori verso API alternative da utilizzare.

Il ritiro significa che abbiamo interrotto il supporto ufficiale per le API, ma queste continueranno a rimanere disponibili per gli sviluppatori. Per scoprire di più sui ritiri importanti in questa release di Android, consulta la pagina dei ritiri.