Разработчики используют криптографию для защиты конфиденциальности и целостности данных с помощью надежных алгоритмов. Однако хранилище ключей часто используется недостаточно, и их часто можно обнаружить жестко закодированными в приложении в виде строки или массива байтов в коде или в файле ресурсов, таком как strings.xml . Если секреты раскрываются в каких-либо файлах приложения, это противоречит принципу Керчоффа и модель безопасности можно считать нарушенной.
Влияние
Злоумышленник, имеющий доступ к инструментам обратного проектирования, может очень легко получить жестко закодированный секрет. В зависимости от условий влияние может различаться, но во многих случаях оно приводит к серьезным проблемам безопасности, таким как доступ к конфиденциальным данным.
Смягчения
Чтобы устранить эту проблему, рассмотрите возможность использования KeyChain API, если вам нужны общесистемные учетные данные, или поставщика хранилища ключей Android , позволяющего отдельному приложению хранить свои собственные учетные данные, к которым может получить доступ только само приложение.
В следующем фрагменте кода показано, как хранить и использовать симметричный ключ с помощью KeyStore :
Котлин
privatevalANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER="AndroidKeyStore"privatevalANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS="AES_KEY_DEMO"@Throws(KeyStoreException::class,NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,NoSuchProviderException::class,InvalidAlgorithmParameterException::class)privatefuncreateAndStoreSecretKey(){valbuilder:KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder=KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPTorKeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT)valkeySpec:KeyGenParameterSpec=builder.setKeySize(256).setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM).setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE).setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true).build()valaesKeyGenerator:KeyGenerator=KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES,ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec)valkey:SecretKey=aesKeyGenerator.generateKey()}@Throws(KeyStoreException::class,UnrecoverableEntryException::class,NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,CertificateException::class,IOException::class,NoSuchPaddingException::class,InvalidKeyException::class,IllegalBlockSizeException::class,BadPaddingException::class)privatefunencryptWithKeyStore(plainText:String):ByteArray? {// Initialize KeyStorevalkeyStore:KeyStore=KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)keyStore.load(null)// Retrieve the key with alias androidKeyStoreAlias created beforevalkeyEntry:KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry=keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,null)asKeyStore.SecretKeyEntryvalkey:SecretKey=keyEntry.secretKey// Use the secret key at your conveniencevalcipher:Cipher=Cipher.getInstance("AES/GCM/NoPadding")cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE,key)returncipher.doFinal(plainText.toByteArray())}
Ява
staticprivatefinalStringANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER="AndroidKeyStore";staticprivatefinalStringANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS="AES_KEY_DEMO";privatevoidcreateAndStoreSecretKey()throwsKeyStoreException,NoSuchAlgorithmException,NoSuchProviderException,InvalidAlgorithmParameterException{KeyGenParameterSpec.Builderbuilder=newKeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPT|KeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT);KeyGenParameterSpeckeySpec=builder.setKeySize(256).setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM).setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE).setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true).build();KeyGeneratoraesKeyGenerator=KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES,ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec);SecretKeykey=aesKeyGenerator.generateKey();}privatebyte[]encryptWithKeyStore(finalStringplainText)throwsKeyStoreException,UnrecoverableEntryException,NoSuchAlgorithmException,CertificateException,IOException,NoSuchPaddingException,InvalidKeyException,IllegalBlockSizeException,BadPaddingException{// Initialize KeyStoreKeyStorekeyStore=KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);keyStore.load(null);// Retrieve the key with alias ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS created beforeKeyStore.SecretKeyEntrykeyEntry=(KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry)keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,null);SecretKeykey=keyEntry.getSecretKey();// Use the secret key at your conveniencefinalCiphercipher=Cipher.getInstance("AES/GCM/NoPadding");cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE,key);returncipher.doFinal(plainText.getBytes());}
Контент и образцы кода на этой странице предоставлены по лицензиям. Java и OpenJDK – это зарегистрированные товарные знаки корпорации Oracle и ее аффилированных лиц.
Последнее обновление: 2025-07-29 UTC.
[null,null,["Последнее обновление: 2025-07-29 UTC."],[],[],null,["# Hardcoded Cryptographic Secrets\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\n**OWASP category:** [MASVS-CRYPTO: Cryptography](https://mas.owasp.org/MASVS/06-MASVS-CRYPTO)\n\nOverview\n--------\n\n| **Note:** This article isn't focused on how to protect API keys.\n\nDevelopers use cryptography to protect confidentiality and integrity of data using robust algorithms. However, the key storage is often underused, and it's common to find them hardcoded into the application as a string or byte array in the code or in an asset file such as `strings.xml`. If secrets are exposed in any files of the app, this goes against [Kerchoff's principle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27s_principle) and the security model can be considered as broken.\n\nImpact\n------\n\nAn attacker with access to reverse engineering tools can retrieve a hard-coded secret very easily. Depending on conditions the impact might vary, but in many cases it leads to major security issues, such as access to sensitive data.\n\nMitigations\n-----------\n\nTo mitigate this issue, consider using the [KeyChain](/reference/android/security/KeyChain) API when you want system-wide credentials, or the [Android Keystore](/training/articles/keystore) provider to let an individual app store its own credentials that only the app itself can access.\n\nThe following code snippet shows how to store and use a symmetric key using\n`KeyStore`: \n\n### Kotlin\n\n private val ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER = \"AndroidKeyStore\"\n private val ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS = \"AES_KEY_DEMO\"\n\n @Throws(\n KeyStoreException::class,\n NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,\n NoSuchProviderException::class,\n InvalidAlgorithmParameterException::class\n )\n private fun createAndStoreSecretKey() {\n val builder: KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder = KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(\n ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,\n KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPT or KeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT\n )\n val keySpec: KeyGenParameterSpec = builder\n .setKeySize(256)\n .setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM)\n .setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE)\n .setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true)\n .build()\n val aesKeyGenerator: KeyGenerator =\n KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES, ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)\n aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec)\n val key: SecretKey = aesKeyGenerator.generateKey()\n }\n\n @Throws(\n KeyStoreException::class,\n UnrecoverableEntryException::class,\n NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,\n CertificateException::class,\n IOException::class,\n NoSuchPaddingException::class,\n InvalidKeyException::class,\n IllegalBlockSizeException::class,\n BadPaddingException::class\n )\n private fun encryptWithKeyStore(plainText: String): ByteArray? {\n // Initialize KeyStore\n val keyStore: KeyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)\n keyStore.load(null)\n // Retrieve the key with alias androidKeyStoreAlias created before\n val keyEntry: KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry =\n keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS, null) as KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry\n val key: SecretKey = keyEntry.secretKey\n // Use the secret key at your convenience\n val cipher: Cipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/GCM/NoPadding\")\n cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key)\n return cipher.doFinal(plainText.toByteArray())\n }\n\n### Java\n\n static private final String ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER = \"AndroidKeyStore\";\n static private final String ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS = \"AES_KEY_DEMO\";\n\n private void createAndStoreSecretKey() throws KeyStoreException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, NoSuchProviderException, InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {\n KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder builder = new KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(\n ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,\n KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPT | KeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT);\n KeyGenParameterSpec keySpec = builder\n .setKeySize(256)\n .setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM)\n .setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE)\n .setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true)\n .build();\n KeyGenerator aesKeyGenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES, ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);\n aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec);\n SecretKey key = aesKeyGenerator.generateKey();\n }\n\n private byte[] encryptWithKeyStore(final String plainText) throws KeyStoreException, UnrecoverableEntryException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateException, IOException, NoSuchPaddingException, InvalidKeyException, IllegalBlockSizeException, BadPaddingException {\n // Initialize KeyStore\n KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);\n keyStore.load(null);\n // Retrieve the key with alias ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS created before\n KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry keyEntry = (KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry) keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS, null);\n SecretKey key = keyEntry.getSecretKey();\n // Use the secret key at your convenience\n final Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/GCM/NoPadding\");\n cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);\n return cipher.doFinal(plainText.getBytes());\n }\n\nResources\n---------\n\n- [Android KeyStore system](/training/articles/keystore)\n\n- [KeyStore documentation](/reference/java/security/KeyStore)\n\n- [KeyChain documentation](/reference/android/security/KeyChain)\n\n- [CWE-321: Use of Hard-coded Cryptographic Key](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/321.html)"]]