前台服务类型是必需的

为了帮助开发者更有目的地定义面向用户的前台服务，Android 10 在 <service> 元素内引入了 android:foregroundServiceType 属性。

如果您的应用以 Android 14 为目标平台，则必须指定适当的前台服务类型。与以前的 Android 版本一样，可组合使用多个类型。下面列出了可供选择的前台服务类型：

• camera
• connectedDevice
• dataSync
• health
• location
• mediaPlayback
• mediaProjection
• microphone
• phoneCall
• remoteMessaging
• shortService
• specialUse
• systemExempted

如果应用中的用例与这些类型均不相关，强烈建议您迁移逻辑以使用 WorkManager 或用户发起的数据传输作业。

Android 14 中新增了 health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse 和 systemExempted 类型。

以下代码段提供了一个清单中的前台服务类型声明示例：

<manifest ...>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
    <application ...>
      <service
          android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
          android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
          android:exported="false">
      </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

如果以 Android 14 为目标平台的应用未在清单中定义给定服务的类型，系统会在调用 startForeground() 时引发 MissingForegroundServiceTypeException。

声明新权限来使用前台服务类型

如果以 Android 14 为目标平台的应用使用前台服务，则必须根据前台服务类型声明 Android 14 中引入的特定权限。这些权限显示在本页每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行部分中标记为“您必须在清单文件中声明的权限”的部分。

所有这些权限都定义为一般权限，并默认授予。用户无法撤消这些权限。

注意：如果您调用 startForeground() 但未声明适当的前台服务类型权限，系统会抛出 SecurityException。

在运行时包含前台服务类型

The best practice for applications starting foreground services is to use the ServiceCompat version of startForeground() (available in androidx-core 1.12 and higher) where you pass in a bitwise integer of foreground service types. You can choose to pass one or more type values.

Usually, you should declare only the types required for a particular use case. This makes it easier to meet the system's expectations for each foreground service type. In cases where a foreground service is started with multiple types, then the foreground service must adhere to the platform enforcement requirements of all types.

ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

If the foreground service type is not specified in the call, the type defaults to the values defined in the manifest. If you didn't specify the service type in the manifest, the system throws MissingForegroundServiceTypeException.

If the foreground service needs new permissions after you launch it, you should call startForeground() again and add the new service types. For example, suppose a fitness app runs a running-tracker service that always needs location information, but might or might not need media permissions. You would need to declare both location and mediaPlayback in the manifest. If a user starts a run and just wants their location tracked, your app should call startForeground() and pass just the location service type. Then, if the user wants to start playing audio, call startForeground() again and pass location|mediaPlayback.

系统运行时检查

The system checks for proper use of foreground service types and confirms that the app has requested the proper runtime permissions or uses the required APIs. For instance, the system expects apps that use the foreground service type FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION type to request either ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION.

This implies that apps must follow a very specific order of operations when requesting permissions from the user and starting foreground services. Permissions must be requested and granted before the app attempts to call startForeground(). Apps that request the appropriate permissions after the foreground service has been started must change this order of operations and request the permission before starting the foreground service.

Caution: If your app doesn't fulfill all of the runtime requirements for starting a foreground service, the system throws a SecurityException after you call startForeground() for that service. This prevents the foreground service from starting, might cause a running foreground service to be removed from the foreground process state, and might cause your app to crash.

The specifics of platform enforcement appear in the sections labeled "runtime requirements" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行

为了使用给定的前台服务类型，您必须在清单文件中声明特定权限，必须满足特定的运行时要求，并且应用必须满足该类型的其中一组预期用例。下面几部分介绍了您必须声明的权限、运行时前提条件以及每种类型的预期用例。

相机

要在清单中的 android:foregroundServiceType 下声明的前台服务类型

camera

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA

运行时前提条件

请求并获得 CAMERA 运行时权限

注意：CAMERA 运行时权限受使用时限制。因此，当您的应用位于后台时，您无法创建 camera 前台服务，但存在一些例外情况。如需了解详情，请参阅有关启动需要运行时权限的前台服务的限制。

说明

继续在后台访问摄像头，例如支持多任务的视频聊天应用。

连接的设备

要在其清单中声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

connectedDevice

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

• 在清单中至少声明以下其中一项权限：

  • CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE
  • CHANGE_WIFI_STATE
  • CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE
  • NFC
  • TRANSMIT_IR

• 请求并获得以下至少一项运行时权限：

  • BLUETOOTH_CONNECT
  • BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE
  • BLUETOOTH_SCAN
  • UWB_RANGING

• 调用 UsbManager.requestPermission()

说明

与需要蓝牙、NFC、IR、USB 或网络连接的外部设备进行互动。

注意 ：如果您的应用执行投影或远程消息传递操作，请改用相应的媒体投影或远程消息传递类型。

替代方案

如果您的应用需要持续将数据传输到外部设备，请考虑改用配套设备管理器。使用配套设备在线状态 API 帮助您的应用在配套设备在范围内时保持运行。

如果您的应用需要扫描蓝牙设备，请考虑改用 Bluetooth Scanner API。

数据同步

要在其清单中声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

dataSync

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC

运行时前提条件

无

说明

数据传输操作，例如：

• 数据上传或下载
• 备份和恢复操作
• 导入或导出操作
• 获取数据
• 本地文件处理
• 通过网络在设备和云端之间传输数据

替代方案

如需了解详情，请参阅数据同步前台服务的替代方案。

健康

要在其清单中声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

health

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH

运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

• 在清单中声明 HIGH_SAMPLING_RATE_SENSORS 权限。

• 请求并获得以下至少一项运行时权限：

  • BODY_SENSORS
  • ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION

注意：BODY_SENSORS 运行时权限受使用时限制。因此，您无法创建在应用在后台运行时使用身体传感器的 health 前台服务，但存在一些例外情况。如需了解详情，请参阅有关启动需要运行时权限的前台服务的限制。

说明

为健身类别的应用（例如锻炼追踪器）提供支持的所有长时间运行的用例。

位置

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

location

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION

运行时前提条件

用户必须已启用位置信息服务，并且必须至少向应用授予以下运行时权限之一：

• ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
• ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION

注意：如需检查用户是否已启用位置信息服务以及是否已授予运行时权限的访问权限，请使用 PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission()

注意：位置信息运行时权限受使用时限制的约束。因此，当应用在后台运行时，您无法创建 location 前台服务，除非您已被授予 ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION 运行时权限。如需了解详情，请参阅对启动需要在使用时授予权限的前台服务的限制。

说明

需要位置信息使用权的长时间运行的用例，例如导航和位置信息分享。

替代方案

如果您的应用需要在用户到达特定位置时触发，请考虑改用 Geofence API。

媒体

要在其清单中声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

mediaPlayback

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK

运行时前提条件

无

说明

在后台继续播放音频或视频。在 Android TV 上支持数字视频录制 (DVR) 功能。

替代方案

如果您显示的是画中画视频，请使用画中画模式。

媒体投影

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

mediaProjection

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION

Runtime prerequisites

Call the createScreenCaptureIntent() method before starting the foreground service. Doing so shows a permission notification to the user; the user must grant the permission before you can create the service.

After you have created the foreground service, you can call MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection().

Description

Project content to non-primary display or external device using the MediaProjection APIs. This content doesn't have to be exclusively media content.

Alternatives

To stream media to another device, use the Google Cast SDK.

麦克风

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

microphone

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE

Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission.

Note: The RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a microphone foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue microphone capture from the background, such as voice recorders or communication apps.

致电

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

phoneCall

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of these conditions must be true:

• App has declared the MANAGE_OWN_CALLS permission in its manifest file.

• App is the default dialer app through the ROLE_DIALER role.

Description

Continue an ongoing call using the ConnectionService APIs.

Alternatives

If you need to make phone, video, or VoIP calls, consider using the android.telecom library.

Consider using CallScreeningService to screen calls.

远程消息传递

要在其清单中声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

remoteMessaging

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING

运行时前提条件

无

说明

将短信从一台设备转移到另一台设备。在用户切换设备时，帮助确保用户消息任务的连续性。

短期服务

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

shortService

Permission to declare in your manifest

None

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

• Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
• No support for sticky foreground services.
• Cannot start other foreground services.
• Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
• A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
• A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

特殊用途

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

specialUse

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE

运行时前提条件

无

说明

涵盖其他前台服务类型未涵盖的所有有效前台服务用例。

除了声明 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE 前台服务类型之外，开发者还应在清单中声明用例。为此，他们会在 <service> 元素内指定 <property> 元素。这些值和相应的应用场景 。用途 您提供的案例均为自由形式，因此，您应确保提供足够的 提供相关信息，让审核者了解您为何需要使用 specialUse 类型。

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

系统豁免

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

systemExempted

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

运行时前提条件

无

说明

为系统应用和特定系统集成预留， 继续使用前台服务。

如需使用此类型，应用必须至少满足以下条件之一：

• 设备处于演示模式状态
• 应用是设备所有者
• 应用是性能分析器所有者
• 属于具有 ROLE_EMERGENCY 角色的安全应用
• 属于设备管理应用
• 持有 SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM 或 USE_EXACT_ALARM权限，并且正在使用 前台服务用于在后台继续闹钟， 包括仅触感反馈闹钟。

• VPN 应用（通过设置 > 网络和互联网 > VPN 配置）

  否则，声明此类型会导致系统抛出 ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException。

使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策

如果您的应用以 Android 14 或更高版本为目标平台，您需要在 Play 管理中心的应用内容页面（政策 > 应用内容）中声明应用的前台服务类型。如需详细了解如何在 Play 管理中心内声明前台服务类型，请参阅了解前台服务和全屏 intent 要求。