Foreground services

Foreground services perform operations that are noticeable to the user.

Foreground services show a status bar notification, to make users aware that your app is performing a task in the foreground and is consuming system resources.

Devices that run Android 12 (API level 31) or higher provide a streamlined experience for short-running foreground services. On these devices, the system waits 10 seconds before showing the notification associated with a foreground service. There are a few exceptions, as several types of services always display a notification immediately.

Examples of apps that use foreground services include the following:

• A music player app that plays music in a foreground service. The notification might show the current song being played.
• A fitness app that records a user's run in a foreground service, after receiving permission from the user. The notification might show the distance that the user has traveled during the current fitness session.

Only use a foreground service when your app needs to perform a task that is noticeable by the user, even when they're not directly interacting with the app. If the action is of low enough importance that you want to use a minimum-priority notification, create a background task instead.

This document describes the required permission for using foreground services, and how to start a foreground service and remove it from the background. It also describes how to associate certain use cases with foreground service types, and the access restrictions that take effect when you start a foreground service from an app that's running in the background.

User can dismiss notification by default

Starting in Android 13 (API level 33), users can dismiss the notification associated with a foreground service by default. To do so, users perform a swipe gesture on the notification. Traditionally, the notification isn't dismissed unless the foreground service is either stopped or removed from the foreground.

If you want the notification non-dismissable by the user, pass true into the setOngoing() method when you create your notification using Notification.Builder.

Services that show a notification immediately

If a foreground service has at least one of the following characteristics, the system shows the associated notification immediately after the service starts, even on devices that run Android 12 or higher:

• The service is associated with a notification that includes action buttons.
• The service has a foregroundServiceType of mediaPlayback, mediaProjection, or phoneCall.
• The service provides a use case related to phone calls, navigation, or media playback, as defined in the notification's category attribute.
• The service has opted out of the behavior change by passing FOREGROUND_SERVICE_IMMEDIATE into setForegroundServiceBehavior() when setting up the notification.

On Android 13 (API level 33) or higher, if the user denies the notification permission, they still see notices related to foreground services in the Task Manager but don't see them in the notification drawer.

Request the foreground service permission

Apps that target Android 9 (API level 28) or higher and use foreground services need to request the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission, as shown in the following code snippet. This is a normal permission, so the system automatically grants it to the requesting app.

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" ...>

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE"/>

    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

Note: If an app that targets API level 28 or higher attempts to create a foreground service without requesting the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission, the system throws a SecurityException.

Start a foreground service

Before you request the system to run a service as a foreground service, start the service itself:

Kotlin

val intent = Intent(...) // Build the intent for the service
applicationContext.startForegroundService(intent)

Java

Context context = getApplicationContext();
Intent intent = new Intent(...); // Build the intent for the service
context.startForegroundService(intent);

Inside the service, usually in onStartCommand(), you can request that your service run in the foreground. To do so, call startForeground(). This method takes two parameters: a positive integer that uniquely identifies the notification in the status bar and the Notification object itself.

Note: The status bar notification must use a priority of PRIORITY_LOW or higher. If your app attempts to use a notification that has a lower priority, the system adds a message to the notification drawer, alerting the user to the app's use of a foreground service.

Here is an example:

Kotlin

// If the notification supports a direct reply action, use
// PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE instead.
val pendingIntent: PendingIntent =
        Intent(this, ExampleActivity::class.java).let { notificationIntent ->
            PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, notificationIntent,
                    PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE)
        }

val notification: Notification = Notification.Builder(this, CHANNEL_DEFAULT_IMPORTANCE)
        .setContentTitle(getText(R.string.notification_title))
        .setContentText(getText(R.string.notification_message))
        .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.icon)
        .setContentIntent(pendingIntent)
        .setTicker(getText(R.string.ticker_text))
        .build()

// Notification ID cannot be 0.
startForeground(ONGOING_NOTIFICATION_ID, notification)

Java

// If the notification supports a direct reply action, use
// PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE instead.
Intent notificationIntent = new Intent(this, ExampleActivity.class);
PendingIntent pendingIntent =
        PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, notificationIntent,
                PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE);

Notification notification =
          new Notification.Builder(this, CHANNEL_DEFAULT_IMPORTANCE)
    .setContentTitle(getText(R.string.notification_title))
    .setContentText(getText(R.string.notification_message))
    .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.icon)
    .setContentIntent(pendingIntent)
    .setTicker(getText(R.string.ticker_text))
    .build();

// Notification ID cannot be 0.
startForeground(ONGOING_NOTIFICATION_ID, notification);

Restrictions on background starts

Apps that target Android 12 (API level 31) or higher can't start foreground services while running in the background, except for a few special cases. If an app tries to start a foreground service while the app runs in the background, and the foreground service doesn't satisfy one of the exceptional cases, the system throws a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

Note: If one app calls Context.startForegroundService() to start a foreground service that another app owns, these restrictions apply only if both apps target Android 12 or higher.

Check whether your app performs background starts

To better understand when your app attempts to launch a foreground service while running in the background, you can enable notifications that appear each time this behavior occurs. To do so, execute the following ADB command on the development machine connected to your test device or emulator:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager \
  default_fgs_starts_restriction_notification_enabled true

Update your app's logic

If you discover that your app starts foreground services while running from the background, update your app's logic to use WorkManager. To view an example of how to update your app, look through the WorkManagerSample on GitHub.

Exemptions from background start restrictions

In the following situations, your app can start foreground services even while your app runs in the background:

• Your app transitions from a user-visible state, such as an activity.
• Your app can start an activity from the background, except for the case where the app has an activity in the back stack of an existing task.

• Your app receives a high priority message using Firebase Cloud Messaging.

  Note: The system can downgrade the high priority messages to normal priority if the app is not using the high priority messages for surfacing time sensitive content to the user. If the message's priority is downgraded, your app cannot start a foreground service and attempting to start one results in a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

  So, it is recommended to check the result of RemoteMessage.getPriority() and confirm it is PRIORITY_HIGH before attempting to start a foreground service. For guidance on high priority messages and when to use them, refer to FCM's documentation.

• The user performs an action on a UI element related to your app. For example, they might interact with a bubble, notification, widget, or activity.

• Your app invokes an exact alarm to complete an action that the user requests.

• Your app is the device's current input method.

• Your app receives an event that's related to geofencing or activity recognition transition.

• After the device reboots and receives the ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED, ACTION_LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED, or ACTION_MY_PACKAGE_REPLACED intent action in a broadcast receiver.

• Your app receives the ACTION_TIMEZONE_CHANGED, ACTION_TIME_CHANGED, or ACTION_LOCALE_CHANGED intent action in a broadcast receiver.

• Your app receives a Bluetooth broadcast that requires the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT or BLUETOOTH_SCAN permissions. App must use Companion Device Manager and declare the REQUEST_COMPANION_RUN_IN_BACKGROUND or REQUEST_COMPANION_START_FOREGROUND_SERVICES_FROM_BACKGROUND permission.

• Apps with certain system roles or permission, such as device owners and profile owners.

• Your app uses the Companion Device Manager and declares the REQUEST_COMPANION_START_FOREGROUND_SERVICES_FROM_BACKGROUND permission or the REQUEST_COMPANION_RUN_IN_BACKGROUND permission. Whenever possible, use REQUEST_COMPANION_START_FOREGROUND_SERVICES_FROM_BACKGROUND.

• The user turns off battery optimizations for your app. You can help users find this option by sending them to your app's App info page in system settings. To do so, invoke an intent that contains the ACTION_IGNORE_BATTERY_OPTIMIZATION_SETTINGS intent action.

Remove a service from the foreground

To remove the service from the foreground, call stopForeground(). This method takes a boolean, which indicates whether to remove the status bar notification as well. Note that the service continues to run.

If you stop the service while it runs in the foreground, its notification is removed.

Handle user-initiated stopping of apps running foreground services

Figure 1. Task Manager workflow on devices that run Android 13 or higher.

Starting in Android 13 (API level 33), users can complete a workflow from the notification drawer to stop an app that has an ongoing foreground services, regardless of that app's target SDK version. This affordance, called the Task Manager, shows a list of apps that are currently running a foreground service.

This list is labeled Active apps. Next to each app is a Stop button. Figure 1 illustrates the Task Manager workflow on a device that runs Android 13.

When the user presses the Stop button next to your app in the Task Manager, then the following actions occur:

• The system removes your app from memory. Therefore, your entire app stops, not just the running foreground service.
• The system removes your app's activity back stack.
• Any media playback stops.
• The notification associated with the foreground service is removed.
• Your app remains in history.
• Scheduled jobs execute at their scheduled time.
• Alarms go off at their scheduled time or time window.

Note: The system doesn't send your app any callbacks when the user taps the Stop button. When your app starts back up, it's helpful to check for the REASON_USER_REQUESTED reason that's part of the ApplicationExitInfo API.

To test that your app behaves as expected while and after a user stops your app, run the following ADB command in a terminal window:

adb shell cmd activity stop-app PACKAGE_NAME

Exemptions

The system provides several levels of exemptions for certain types of apps, which the following sections describe.

Exemptions are per app, not per process. If the system exempts one process in an app, all other processes in that app are also exempt.

Note: Some pre-installed apps configured by the manufacturer might also be exempt.

Exemptions from appearing in the Task Manager at all

The following apps can run a foreground service and not appear in the Task Manager at all:

• System-level apps
• Safety apps; that is, apps that have the ROLE_EMERGENCY role
• Devices that are in demo mode

Exemptions from being stoppable by users

When the following types of apps run a foreground service, they appear in the Task Manager, but there is no Stop button next to the app's name for the user to tap:

• Device owner apps
• Profile owner apps
• Persistent apps
• Apps that have the ROLE_DIALER role

Declare foreground service types

If your app targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher and accesses location information in a foreground service, declare the location foreground service type as an attribute of your <service> component.

If your app targets Android 11 (API level 30) or higher and accesses the camera or microphone in a foreground service, declare the camera or microphone foreground service types, respectively, as attributes of your <service> component.

Note: Although adding a foreground service type gives a foreground service the capability to access location, the camera, or the microphone, this foreground service is still affected by the access restrictions introduced in Android 11.

By default, when you call startForeground() at runtime, the system accesses each of the service types that you declare in the app manifest. You can choose to limit access to a subset of the declared service types, as shown in the code snippets within the following sections.

Example using location and camera

If a foreground service in your app needs to access the device's location and camera, declare the service as shown in the following snippet:

AndroidManifest.xml

<manifest>
    ...
    <service ... android:foregroundServiceType="location|camera" />
</manifest>

At runtime, if the foreground service only needs access to a subset of the types declared in the manifest, you can limit the service's access using the logic in the following code snippet:

MyService

Kotlin

val notification: Notification = ...;
Service.startForeground(notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

Java

Notification notification = ...;
Service.startForeground(notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION);

Example using location, camera, and microphone

If a foreground service needs to access location, the camera, and the microphone, declare the service as shown in the following snippet:

AndroidManifest.xml

<manifest>
    ...
    <service ...
        android:foregroundServiceType="location|camera|microphone" />
</manifest>

At runtime, if the foreground service only needs access to a subset of the types declared in the manifest, you can limit the service's access using the logic in the following code snippet:

MyService

Kotlin

val notification: Notification = ...;
Service.startForeground(notification,
        FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION or FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA)

Java

Notification notification = ...;
Service.startForeground(notification,
        FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION | FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA);

Add foreground service types of Work Manager workers

If your app uses Work Manager and has a long-running worker that requires access to location, camera, or microphone, follow the steps to add a foreground service type to a long-running worker, and specify the additional or alternative foreground service types that your worker uses. You can choose from the following foreground service types:

• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE

Restricted access to location, camera, and microphone

To help protect user privacy, Android 11 (API level 30) introduces limitations to when a foreground service can access the device's location, camera, or microphone. When your app starts a foreground service while the app runs in the background, the foreground service has the following limitations:

• Unless the user has granted the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission to your app, the foreground service cannot access location.
• The foreground service cannot access the microphone or camera.

Exemptions from the restrictions

In some situations, even if a foreground service is started while the app runs in the background, it can still access location, camera, and microphone information while the app runs in the foreground ("while-in-use").

In these same situations, if the service declares a foreground service type of location and is started by an app that has the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission, this service can access location information all the time, even when the app runs in the background.

The following list contains these situations:

• A system component starts the service.
• The service starts by interacting with app widgets.
• The service starts by interacting with a notification.
• The service starts as a PendingIntent that is sent from a different, visible app.
• The service starts by an app that is a device policy controller that runs in device owner mode.
• The service starts by an app which provides the VoiceInteractionService.
• The service starts by an app that has the START_ACTIVITIES_FROM_BACKGROUND privileged permission.

Determine which services are affected in your app

When testing your app, start its foreground services. If a started service has restricted access to location, microphone, and camera, the following message appears in Logcat:

Foreground service started from background can not have \
location/camera/microphone access: service SERVICE_NAME