Perubahan perilaku: Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi

Seperti rilis sebelumnya, Android 15 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku khusus bagi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi. Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi, Anda harus memodifikasi aplikasi untuk mendukung perilaku ini dengan benar, jika berlaku.

Pastikan Anda juga meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang memengaruhi semua aplikasi yang berjalan di Android 15, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion aplikasi Anda.

Fungsi inti

Android 15 mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.

Perubahan pada layanan latar depan

Kami melakukan perubahan berikut pada layanan latar depan dengan Android 15.

• Perilaku waktu tunggu layanan latar depan sinkronisasi data
• Jenis layanan latar depan pemrosesan media baru
• Pembatasan pada penerima siaran BOOT_COMPLETED yang meluncurkan layanan latar depan
• Pembatasan untuk memulai layanan latar depan saat aplikasi memiliki izin SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW

Perilaku waktu tunggu layanan latar depan sinkronisasi data

Android 15 introduces a new timeout behavior to dataSync for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) or higher. This behavior also applies to the new mediaProcessing foreground service type.

The system permits an app's dataSync services to run for a total of 6 hours in a 24-hour period, after which the system calls the running service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method (introduced in Android 15). At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). When Service.onTimeout() is called, the service is no longer considered a foreground service. If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), the system throws an internal exception. The exception is logged in Logcat with the following message:

Fatal Exception: android.app.RemoteServiceException: "A foreground service of
type dataSync did not stop within its timeout: [component name]"

Note: The 6-hour time limit is shared by all of an app's dataSync foreground services. For example, if an app runs a dataSync service for four hours, then starts a different dataSync service, that second service will only be allowed to run for two hours. However, if the user brings the app to the foreground, the timer resets and the app has 6 hours available.

To avoid problems with this behavior change, you can do one or more of the following:

1. Have your service implement the new Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. When your app receives the callback, make sure to call stopSelf() within a few seconds. (If you don't stop the app right away, the system generates a failure.)
2. Make sure your app's dataSync services don't run for more than a total of 6 hours in any 24-hour period (unless the user interacts with the app, resetting the timer).
3. Only start dataSync foreground services as a result of direct user interaction; since your app is in the foreground when the service starts, your service has the full six hours after the app goes to the background.
4. Instead of using a dataSync foreground service, use an alternative API.

If your app's dataSync foreground services have run for 6 hours in the last 24, you cannot start another dataSync foreground service unless the user has brought your app to the foreground (which resets the timer). If you try to start another dataSync foreground service, the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException with an error message like "Time limit already exhausted for foreground service type dataSync".

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable data sync timeouts even if your app is not targeting Android 15 (as long as the app is running on an Android 15 device). To enable timeouts, run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_INTRODUCE_TIME_LIMITS your-package-name

You can also adjust the timeout period, to make it easier to test how your app behaves when the limit is reached. To set a new timeout period, run the following adb command:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager data_sync_fgs_timeout_duration duration-in-milliseconds

Jenis layanan latar depan pemrosesan media baru

Android 15 memperkenalkan jenis layanan latar depan baru, mediaProcessing. Jenis layanan ini sesuai untuk operasi seperti melakukan transcoding file media. Misalnya, aplikasi media mungkin mendownload file audio dan perlu mengonversinya ke format lain sebelum memutarnya. Anda dapat menggunakan layanan latar depan mediaProcessing untuk memastikan konversi berlanjut bahkan saat aplikasi berada di latar belakang.

Sistem mengizinkan layanan mediaProcessing aplikasi berjalan selama total 6 jam dalam periode 24 jam, setelah itu sistem akan memanggil metode Service.onTimeout(int, int) layanan yang berjalan (diperkenalkan di Android 15). Saat ini, layanan memiliki waktu beberapa detik untuk memanggil Service.stopSelf(). Jika layanan tidak memanggil Service.stopSelf(), sistem akan menampilkan pengecualian internal. Pengecualian akan dicatat ke dalam log di Logcat dengan pesan berikut:

Fatal Exception: android.app.RemoteServiceException: "A foreground service of
type mediaProcessing did not stop within its timeout: [component name]"

Catatan: Batas waktu 6 jam digunakan bersama oleh semua layanan latar depan mediaProcessing aplikasi. Misalnya, jika aplikasi menjalankan layanan mediaProcessing selama empat jam, lalu memulai layanan mediaProcessing yang berbeda, layanan kedua tersebut hanya akan diizinkan untuk berjalan selama dua jam. Namun, jika pengguna membawa aplikasi ke latar depan, timer akan direset dan aplikasi memiliki waktu 6 jam.

Untuk menghindari pengecualian, Anda dapat melakukan salah satu hal berikut:

1. Minta layanan Anda menerapkan metode Service.onTimeout(int, int) baru. Saat aplikasi Anda menerima callback, pastikan untuk memanggil stopSelf() dalam beberapa detik. (Jika Anda tidak segera menghentikan aplikasi, sistem akan menghasilkan kegagalan.)
2. Pastikan layanan mediaProcessing aplikasi Anda tidak berjalan selama lebih dari jumlah 6 jam dalam periode 24 jam (kecuali jika pengguna berinteraksi dengan aplikasi, mereset timer).
3. Hanya mulai layanan latar depan mediaProcessing sebagai hasil dari interaksi pengguna langsung; karena aplikasi Anda berada di latar depan saat layanan dimulai, layanan Anda memiliki waktu enam jam penuh setelah aplikasi beralih ke latar belakang.
4. Daripada menggunakan layanan latar depan mediaProcessing, gunakan API alternatif, seperti WorkManager.

Jika layanan latar depan mediaProcessing aplikasi Anda telah berjalan selama 6 jam dalam 24 terakhir, Anda tidak dapat memulai layanan latar depan mediaProcessing lainnya kecuali jika pengguna telah memindahkan aplikasi Anda ke latar depan (yang akan mereset timer). Jika Anda mencoba memulai layanan latar depan mediaProcessing lainnya, sistem akan menampilkan ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException dengan pesan error seperti "Batas waktu sudah habis untuk jenis layanan latar depan mediaProcessing".

Untuk informasi selengkapnya tentang jenis layanan mediaProcessing, lihat Perubahan pada jenis layanan latar depan untuk Android 15: Pemrosesan media.

Pengujian

Untuk menguji perilaku aplikasi, Anda dapat mengaktifkan waktu tunggu pemrosesan media meskipun aplikasi tidak menargetkan Android 15 (selama aplikasi berjalan di perangkat Android 15). Untuk mengaktifkan waktu tunggu, jalankan perintah adb berikut:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_INTRODUCE_TIME_LIMITS your-package-name

Anda juga dapat menyesuaikan periode waktu tunggu untuk mempermudah pengujian perilaku aplikasi saat batas tercapai. Untuk menetapkan periode waktu tunggu baru, jalankan perintah adb berikut:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager media_processing_fgs_timeout_duration duration-in-milliseconds

Pembatasan pada penerima siaran BOOT_COMPLETED yang meluncurkan layanan latar depan

Ada batasan baru pada penerima siaran BOOT_COMPLETED yang meluncurkan layanan latar depan. Penerima BOOT_COMPLETED tidak diizinkan untuk meluncurkan jenis layanan latar depan berikut:

• dataSync
• camera
• mediaPlayback
• phoneCall
• mediaProjection
• microphone (pembatasan ini telah diterapkan selama microphone sejak Android 14)

Jika penerima BOOT_COMPLETED mencoba meluncurkan salah satu jenis layanan latar depan tersebut, sistem akan menampilkan ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

Pengujian

Untuk menguji perilaku aplikasi, Anda dapat mengaktifkan pembatasan baru ini bahkan jika aplikasi tidak menargetkan Android 15 (selama aplikasi tersebut berjalan di Android 15 perangkat). Jalankan perintah adb berikut:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_BOOT_COMPLETED_RESTRICTIONS your-package-name

Untuk mengirim siaran BOOT_COMPLETED tanpa memulai ulang perangkat, jalankan perintah adb berikut:

adb shell am broadcast -a android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED your-package-name

Pembatasan untuk memulai layanan latar depan saat aplikasi memiliki izin SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW

Previously, if an app held the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission, it could launch a foreground service even if the app was currently in the background (as discussed in exemptions from background start restrictions).

If an app targets Android 15, this exemption is now narrower. The app now needs to have the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission and also have a visible overlay window. That is, the app needs to first launch a TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY window and the window needs to be visible before you start a foreground service.

If your app attempts to start a foreground service from the background without meeting these new requirements (and it does not have some other exemption), the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If your app declares the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission and launches foreground services from the background, it may be affected by this change. If your app gets a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException, check your app's order of operations and make sure your app already has an active overlay window before it attempts to start a foreground service from the background. You can check if your overlay window is currently visible by calling View.getWindowVisibility(), or you can override View.onWindowVisibilityChanged() to get notified whenever the visibility changes.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable these new restrictions even if your app is not targeting Android 15 (as long as the app is running on an Android 15 device). To enable these new restrictions on starting foreground services from the background, run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_SAW_RESTRICTIONS your-package-name

Perubahan pada waktu aplikasi dapat mengubah status global mode Jangan Ganggu

Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 (API level 35) dan yang lebih tinggi tidak dapat lagi mengubah status atau kebijakan global Jangan Ganggu (DND) di perangkat (baik dengan mengubah setelan pengguna, atau menonaktifkan mode DND). Sebagai gantinya, aplikasi harus berkontribusi pada AutomaticZenRule, yang digabungkan sistem menjadi kebijakan global dengan skema kebijakan paling ketat yang ada. Panggilan ke API yang ada yang sebelumnya memengaruhi status global (setInterruptionFilter, setNotificationPolicy) menghasilkan pembuatan atau pembaruan AutomaticZenRule implisit, yang diaktifkan dan dinonaktifkan bergantung pada siklus panggilan panggilan API tersebut.

Perhatikan bahwa perubahan ini hanya memengaruhi perilaku yang dapat diamati jika aplikasi memanggil setInterruptionFilter(INTERRUPTION_FILTER_ALL) dan mengharapkan panggilan tersebut untuk menonaktifkan AutomaticZenRule yang sebelumnya diaktifkan oleh pemiliknya.

Perubahan API OpenJDK

Android 15 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases.

Some of these changes can affect app compatibility for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35):

• Changes to string formatting APIs: Validation of argument index, flags, width, and precision are now more strict when using the following String.format() and Formatter.format() APIs:

  • String.format(String, Object[])
  • String.format(Locale, String, Object[])
  • Formatter.format(String, Object[])
  • Formatter.format(Locale, String, Object[])

  For example, the following exception is thrown when an argument index of 0 is used (%0 in the format string):

  IllegalFormatArgumentIndexException: Illegal format argument index = 0
  

  In this case, the issue can be fixed by using an argument index of 1 (%1 in the format string).

• Changes to component type of Arrays.asList(...).toArray(): When using Arrays.asList(...).toArray(), the component type of the resulting array is now an Object—not the type of the underlying array's elements. So the following code throws a ClassCastException:

  String[] elements = (String[]) Arrays.asList("one", "two").toArray();
  

  For this case, to preserve String as the component type in the resulting array, you could use Collection.toArray(Object[]) instead:

  String[] elements = Arrays.asList("two", "one").toArray(new String[0]);
  

• Changes to language code handling: When using the Locale API, language codes for Hebrew, Yiddish, and Indonesian are no longer converted to their obsolete forms (Hebrew: iw, Yiddish: ji, and Indonesian: in). When specifying the language code for one of these locales, use the codes from ISO 639-1 instead (Hebrew: he, Yiddish: yi, and Indonesian: id).

• Changes to random int sequences: Following the changes made in https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8301574, the following Random.ints() methods now return a different sequence of numbers than the Random.nextInt() methods do:

  • Random.ints(long)
  • Random.ints(long, int, int)
  • Random.ints(int, int)
  • Random.ints()

  Generally, this change shouldn't result in app-breaking behavior, but your code shouldn't expect the sequence generated from Random.ints() methods to match Random.nextInt().

The new SequencedCollection API can affect your app's compatibility after you update compileSdk in your app's build configuration to use Android 15 (API level 35):

• Collision with MutableList.removeFirst() and MutableList.removeLast() extension functions in kotlin-stdlib

  The List type in Java is mapped to the MutableList type in Kotlin. Because the List.removeFirst() and List.removeLast() APIs have been introduced in Android 15 (API level 35), the Kotlin compiler resolves function calls, for example list.removeFirst(), statically to the new List APIs instead of to the extension functions in kotlin-stdlib.

  If an app is re-compiled with compileSdk set to 35 and minSdk set to 34 or lower, and then the app is run on Android 14 and lower, a runtime error is thrown:

  java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: No virtual method
  removeFirst()Ljava/lang/Object; in class Ljava/util/ArrayList;
  

  The existing NewApi lint option in Android Gradle Plugin can catch these new API usages.

  ./gradlew lint
  
  MainActivity.kt:41: Error: Call requires API level 35 (current min is 34): java.util.List#removeFirst [NewApi]
        list.removeFirst()
  

  To fix the runtime exception and lint errors, the removeFirst() and removeLast() function calls can be replaced with removeAt(0) and removeAt(list.lastIndex) respectively in Kotlin. If you're using Android Studio Ladybug | 2024.1.3 or higher, it also provides a quick fix option for these errors.

  Consider removing @SuppressLint("NewApi") and lintOptions { disable 'NewApi' } if the lint option has been disabled.

• Collision with other methods in Java

  New methods have been added into the existing types, for example, List and Deque. These new methods might not be compatible with the methods with the same name and argument types in other interfaces and classes. In the case of a method signature collision with incompatibility, the javac compiler outputs a build-time error. For example:

  Example error 1:

  javac MyList.java
  
  MyList.java:135: error: removeLast() in MyList cannot implement removeLast() in List
    public void removeLast() {
                ^
    return type void is not compatible with Object
    where E is a type-variable:
      E extends Object declared in interface List
  

  Example error 2:

  javac MyList.java
  
  MyList.java:7: error: types Deque<Object> and List<Object> are incompatible;
  public class MyList implements  List<Object>, Deque<Object> {
    both define reversed(), but with unrelated return types
  1 error
  

  Example error 3:

  javac MyList.java
  
  MyList.java:43: error: types List<E#1> and MyInterface<E#2> are incompatible;
  public static class MyList implements List<Object>, MyInterface<Object> {
    class MyList inherits unrelated defaults for getFirst() from types List and MyInterface
    where E#1,E#2 are type-variables:
      E#1 extends Object declared in interface List
      E#2 extends Object declared in interface MyInterface
  1 error
  

  To fix these build errors, the class implementing these interfaces should override the method with a compatible return type. For example:

  @Override
  public Object getFirst() {
      return List.super.getFirst();
  }
  

Keamanan

Android 15 menyertakan perubahan yang meningkatkan keamanan sistem untuk membantu melindungi aplikasi dan pengguna dari aplikasi berbahaya.

Versi TLS yang dibatasi

Android 15 restricts the usage of TLS versions 1.0 and 1.1. These versions had previously been deprecated in Android, but are now disallowed for apps targeting Android 15.

Peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang yang diamankan

Android 15 melindungi pengguna dari aplikasi berbahaya dan memberi mereka lebih banyak kontrol atas perangkat mereka dengan menambahkan perubahan yang mencegah aplikasi latar belakang berbahaya memunculkan aplikasi lain ke latar depan, meningkatkan hak istimewa mereka, dan menyalahgunakan interaksi pengguna. Peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang telah dibatasi sejak Android 10 (level API 29).

Perubahan lainnya

• Mengubah kreator PendingIntent untuk memblokir peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang secara default. Hal ini membantu mencegah aplikasi membuat PendingIntent secara tidak sengaja yang dapat disalahgunakan oleh pihak berniat jahat.
• Jangan membawa aplikasi ke latar depan kecuali jika PendingIntentpengirim mengizinkannya. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk mencegah aplikasi berbahaya menyalahgunakan kemampuan untuk memulai aktivitas di latar belakang. Secara default, aplikasi tidak diizinkan untuk membawa stack tugas ke latar depan kecuali jika pembuat mengizinkan hak istimewa peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang atau pengirim memiliki hak istimewa peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang.
• Mengontrol cara aktivitas teratas dari stack tugas dapat menyelesaikan tugasnya. Jika aktivitas teratas menyelesaikan tugas, Android akan kembali ke tugas mana pun yang terakhir aktif. Selain itu, jika aktivitas non-teratas menyelesaikan tugasnya, Android akan kembali ke layar utama; Android tidak akan memblokir penyelesaian aktivitas non-teratas ini.
• Mencegah peluncuran aktivitas arbitrer dari aplikasi lain ke dalam tugas Anda sendiri. Perubahan ini mencegah aplikasi berbahaya melakukan phishing terhadap pengguna dengan membuat aktivitas yang tampak berasal dari aplikasi lain.
• Mencegah jendela yang tidak terlihat dipertimbangkan untuk peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang. Hal ini membantu mencegah aplikasi berbahaya menyalahgunakan peluncuran aktivitas di latar belakang untuk menampilkan konten yang tidak diinginkan atau berbahaya kepada pengguna.

Intent yang lebih aman

Android 15 memperkenalkan StrictMode untuk intent.

Untuk melihat log mendetail tentang pelanggaran penggunaan Intent, gunakan metode berikut:

Kotlin

fun onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(VmPolicy.Builder()
        .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
        .build()
    )
}

Java

public void onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(new VmPolicy.Builder()
            .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
            .build());
}

Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem

Android 15 mencakup beberapa perubahan yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.

Perubahan inset jendela

Ada dua perubahan yang terkait dengan inset jendela di Android 15: edge-to-edge diberlakukan secara default, dan ada juga perubahan konfigurasi, seperti konfigurasi default panel sistem.

Penerapan menyeluruh

Apps are edge-to-edge by default on devices running Android 15 if the app is targeting Android 15 (API level 35).

Important: If your app is not already edge-to-edge, portions of your app may be obscured and you must handle insets. Depending on the app, this work may or may not be significant. The Material 3 Scaffold component can reduce the work required to be compatible with the Android 15 edge-to-edge enforcement.

An app that targets Android 14 and is not edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device.

An app that targets Android 15 (API level 35) and is edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. This app mostly uses Material 3 Compose Components that automatically apply insets. This screen is not negatively impacted by the Android 15 edge-to-edge enforcement.

This is a breaking change that might negatively impact your app's UI. The changes affect the following UI areas:

• Gesture handle navigation bar
  • Transparent by default.
  • Bottom offset is disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
  • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor are deprecated and don't affect gesture navigation.
  • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced continue to have no effect on gesture navigation.
• 3-button navigation
  • Opacity set to 80% by default, with color possibly matching the window background.
  • Bottom offset disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
  • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor are set to match the window background by default. The window background must be a color drawable for this default to apply. This API is deprecated but continues to affect 3-button navigation.
  • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced is true by default, which adds an 80% opaque background across 3-button navigation.
• Status bar
  • Transparent by default.
  • The top offset is disabled so content draws behind the status bar unless insets are applied.
  • setStatusBarColor and R.attr#statusBarColor are deprecated and have no effect on Android 15.
  • setStatusBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#statusBarContrastEnforced are deprecated but still have an effect on Android 15.
• Display cutout
  • layoutInDisplayCutoutMode of non-floating windows must be LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. SHORT_EDGES, NEVER, and DEFAULT are interpreted as ALWAYS so that users don't see a black bar caused by the display cutout and appear edge-to-edge.

The following example shows an app before and after targeting Android 15 (API level 35), and before and after applying insets. This example is not comprehensive, this might appear differently on Android Auto.

An app that targets Android 14 and is not edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device.

An app that targets Android 15 (API level 35) and is edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. However, many elements are now hidden by the status bar, 3-button navigation bar, or display cutout due to the Android 15 edge-to-edge enforcements. Hidden UI includes the Material 2 top app bar, floating action buttons, and list items.

An app that targets Android 15 (API level 35), is edge to edge on an Android 15 device and applies insets so that UI is not hidden.

What to check if your app is already edge-to-edge

If your app is already edge-to-edge and applies insets, you are mostly unimpacted, except in the following scenarios. However, even if you think you aren't impacted, we recommend you test your app.

• You have a non-floating window, such as an Activity that uses SHORT_EDGES, NEVER or DEFAULT instead of LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. If your app crashes on launch, this might be due to your splashscreen. You can either upgrade the core splashscreen dependency to 1.2.0-alpha01 or later or set window.attributes.layoutInDisplayCutoutMode = WindowManager.LayoutInDisplayCutoutMode.always.
• There might be lower-traffic screens with occluded UI. Verify these less-visited screens don't have occluded UI. Lower-traffic screens include:
  • Onboarding or sign-in screens
  • Settings pages

What to check if your app is not already edge-to-edge

If your app is not already edge-to-edge, you are most likely impacted. In addition to the scenarios for apps that are already edge-to-edge, you should consider the following:

• If your app uses Material 3 Components ( androidx.compose.material3) in compose, such as TopAppBar, BottomAppBar, and NavigationBar, these components are likely not impacted because they automatically handle insets.
• If your app is using Material 2 Components ( androidx.compose.material) in Compose, these components don't automatically handle insets. However, you can get access to the insets and apply them manually. In androidx.compose.material 1.6.0 and later, use the windowInsets parameter to apply the insets manually for BottomAppBar, TopAppBar, BottomNavigation, and NavigationRail. Likewise, use the contentWindowInsets parameter for Scaffold.
• If your app uses views and Material Components (com.google.android.material), most views-based Material Components such as BottomNavigationView, BottomAppBar, NavigationRailView, or NavigationView, handle insets and require no additional work. However, you need to add android:fitsSystemWindows="true" if using AppBarLayout.
• For custom composables, apply the insets manually as padding. If your content is within a Scaffold, you can consume insets using the Scaffold padding values. Otherwise, apply padding using one of the WindowInsets.
• If your app is using views and BottomSheet, SideSheet or custom containers, apply padding using ViewCompat.setOnApplyWindowInsetsListener. For RecyclerView, apply padding using this listener and also add clipToPadding="false".

What to check if your app must offer custom background protection

If your app must offer custom background protection to 3-button navigation or the status bar, your app should place a composable or view behind the system bar using WindowInsets.Type#tappableElement() to get the 3-button navigation bar height or WindowInsets.Type#statusBars.

Additional edge-to-edge resources

See the Edge to Edge Views and Edge to Edge Compose guides for additional considerations on applying insets.

Deprecated APIs

The following APIs are deprecated but not disabled:

• R.attr#enforceStatusBarContrast
• R.attr#navigationBarColor (for 3 button navigation, with 80% alpha)
• Window#isStatusBarContrastEnforced
• Window#setNavigationBarColor (for 3 button navigation, with 80% alpha)
• Window#setStatusBarContrastEnforced

The following APIs are deprecated and disabled:

• R.attr#navigationBarColor (for gesture navigation)
• R.attr#navigationBarDividerColor
• R.attr#statusBarColor
• Window#setDecorFitsSystemWindows
• Window#getNavigationBarColor
• Window#getNavigationBarDividerColor
• Window#getStatusBarColor
• Window#setNavigationBarColor (for gesture navigation)
• Window#setNavigationBarDividerColor
• Window#setStatusBarColor

Konfigurasi stabil

如果您的应用以 Android 15（API 级别 35）或更高版本为目标平台，Configuration 不再排除系统栏。如果您在 Configuration 类中使用屏幕尺寸进行布局计算，则应根据需要将其替换为更好的替代方案，例如适当的 ViewGroup、WindowInsets 或 WindowMetricsCalculator。

Configuration 自 API 1 起便已开始提供。通常从 Activity.onConfigurationChanged 获取。它提供窗口密度、方向和大小等信息。从 Configuration 返回的窗口大小的一个重要特征是，它之前不包括系统栏。

配置大小通常用于资源选择（例如 /res/layout-h500dp），这仍然是一个有效的使用情形。不过，我们一直不建议使用它进行布局计算。如果您正在这样做，请立即远离该设备。您应根据自己的使用场景，将 Configuration 的使用替换为更合适的用法。

如果您使用它来计算布局，请使用适当的 ViewGroup，例如 CoordinatorLayout 或 ConstraintLayout。如果您使用它来确定系统导航栏的高度，请使用 WindowInsets。如果您想知道应用窗口的当前大小，请使用 computeCurrentWindowMetrics。

以下列表介绍了受此变更影响的字段：

• Configuration.screenWidthDp 和 screenHeightDp 尺寸不再排除系统栏。
• Configuration.smallestScreenWidthDp 会受到 screenWidthDp 和 screenHeightDp 更改的间接影响。
• Configuration.orientation 会受到近乎正方形的设备上 screenWidthDp 和 screenHeightDp 更改的间接影响。
• Display.getSize(Point) 受到 Configuration 中的更改间接影响。此方法已从 API 级别 30 开始弃用。
• 自 API 级别 33 以来，Display.getMetrics() 一直以这种方式运行。

Atribut elegantTextHeight secara default adalah benar (true)

For apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute becomes true by default, replacing the compact font used by default with some scripts that have large vertical metrics with one that is much more readable. The compact font was introduced to prevent breaking layouts; Android 13 (API level 33) prevents many of these breakages by allowing the text layout to stretch the vertical height utilizing the fallbackLineSpacing attribute.

In Android 15, the compact font still remains in the system, so your app can set elegantTextHeight to false to get the same behavior as before, but it is unlikely to be supported in upcoming releases. So, if your app supports the following scripts: Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai, test your app by setting elegantTextHeight to true.

elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) and lower.

elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 15.

Lebar TextView berubah untuk bentuk huruf yang kompleks

In previous versions of Android, some cursive fonts or languages that have complex shaping might draw the letters in the previous or next character's area. In some cases, such letters were clipped at the beginning or ending position. Starting in Android 15, a TextView allocates width for drawing enough space for such letters and allows apps to request extra paddings to the left to prevent clipping.

Because this change affects how a TextView decides the width, TextView allocates more width by default if the app targets Android 15 (API level 35) or higher. You can enable or disable this behavior by calling the setUseBoundsForWidth API on TextView.

Because adding left padding might cause a misalignment for existing layouts, the padding is not added by default even for apps that target Android 15 or higher. However, you can add extra padding to preventing clipping by calling setShiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang.

The following examples show how these changes can improve text layout for some fonts and languages.

Standard layout for English text in a cursive font. Some of the letters are clipped. Here is the corresponding XML:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java" />

Layout for the same English text with additional width and padding. Here is the corresponding XML:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang="true" />

Standard layout for Thai text. Some of the letters are clipped. Here is the corresponding XML:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์" />

Layout for the same Thai text with additional width and padding. Here is the corresponding XML:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang="true" />

Tinggi baris default yang sesuai dengan lokalitas untuk EditText

In previous versions of Android, the text layout stretched the height of the text to meet the line height of the font that matched the current locale. For example, if the content was in Japanese, because the line height of the Japanese font is slightly larger than the one of a Latin font, the height of the text became slightly larger. However, despite these differences in line heights, the EditText element was sized uniformly, regardless of the locale being used, as illustrated in the following image:

Three boxes representing EditText elements that can contain text from English (en), Japanese (ja), and Burmese (my). The height of the EditText is the same, even though these languages have different line heights from each other.

For apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), a minimum line height is now reserved for EditText to match the reference font for the specified Locale, as shown in the following image:

Three boxes representing EditText elements that can contain text from English (en), Japanese (ja), and Burmese (my). The height of the EditText now includes space to accommodate the default line height for these languages' fonts.

If needed, your app can restore the previous behavior by specifying the useLocalePreferredLineHeightForMinimum attribute to false, and your app can set custom minimum vertical metrics using the setMinimumFontMetrics API in Kotlin and Java.

Kamera dan media

Android 15 membuat perubahan berikut pada perilaku kamera dan media untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi.

Batasan untuk meminta fokus audio

Apps that target Android 15 (API level 35) must be the top app or running a foreground service in order to request audio focus. If an app attempts to request focus when it does not meet one of these requirements, the call returns AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.

You can learn more about audio focus at Manage audio focus.

Pembatasan non-SDK yang diperbarui

Android 15 menyertakan daftar terbaru antarmuka non-SDK yang dibatasi berdasarkan kolaborasi dengan developer Android dan pengujian internal terbaru. Jika memungkinkan, kami akan memastikan ketersediaan alternatif publik sebelum membatasi antarmuka non-SDK.

Jika aplikasi Anda tidak menargetkan Android 15, beberapa perubahan ini mungkin tidak langsung memengaruhi Anda. Namun, meskipun aplikasi Anda dapat mengakses beberapa antarmuka non-SDK bergantung pada level API target aplikasi Anda, penggunaan metode atau kolom non-SDK apa pun tetap berisiko tinggi merusak aplikasi Anda.

Jika tidak yakin apakah aplikasi Anda menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK atau tidak, Anda dapat menguji aplikasi untuk mencari tahu. Jika aplikasi Anda mengandalkan antarmuka non-SDK, sebaiknya Anda mulai merencanakan migrasi ke alternatif SDK. Namun demikian, kami memahami bahwa beberapa aplikasi memiliki kasus penggunaan yang valid untuk menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK. Jika tidak dapat menemukan alternatif penggunaan antarmuka non-SDK untuk suatu fitur dalam aplikasi Anda, sebaiknya minta API publik baru.

Untuk mempelajari perubahan dalam rilis Android ini lebih lanjut, baca Pembaruan pembatasan antarmuka non-SDK di Android 15. Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut antarmuka non-SDK secara umum, baca Pembatasan antarmuka non-SDK.