Mudanças de comportamento: apps destinados ao Android 14 ou mais recente

Como nas versões anteriores, o Android 14 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As seguintes mudanças de comportamento se aplicam exclusivamente a apps destinados ao Android 14 (nível 34 da API) ou mais recente. Caso seu app seja direcionado ao Android 14 ou a versões mais recentes, faça modificações para oferecer suporte a esses comportamentos de forma adequada, quando aplicável.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam todos os apps executados no Android 14, independente da targetSdkVersion do app.

Principal recurso

Os tipos de serviço em primeiro plano são obrigatórios

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

Aplicação da permissão BLUETOOTH_CONNECT no BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

Atualizações do OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

  • Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

O JobScheduler reforça o callback e o comportamento da rede

自从引入后，JobScheduler 期望您的应用从 onStartJob 或 onStopJob。在 Android 14 之前，如果作业运行时间过长，系统会停止作业并静默失败。如果您的应用以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台， 超过在主线程上授予的时间，应用会触发 ANR 显示“没有响应 onStartJob”错误消息或 “onStopJob没有回复”。

此 ANR 可能是由以下 2 种情况造成的： 1.有工作阻塞主线程，阻止回调 onStartJob 或者onStopJob在预期时间内执行并完成。 2. 开发者在 JobScheduler 中运行阻塞工作 回调 onStartJob 或 onStopJob，阻止从 在预期的时限内完成

要解决第 1 个问题，您需要进一步调试阻塞主线程的因素 您可以使用以下代码 ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream()，用于获取 Tombstone ANR 发生时的跟踪信息如果您能够手动重现 ANR 问题 您可以录制系统轨迹，并使用 Android Studio 或 Perfetto，以便更好地了解应用上运行的 在发生 ANR 时调用主线程 请注意，直接使用 JobScheduler API 或使用 androidx 库 WorkManager 时可能会发生这种情况。

如需解决问题 2，请考虑迁移到 WorkManager，它支持将 onStartJob 或 onStopJob 中的任何处理封装在异步线程中。

JobScheduler 还引入了一项要求，即如果使用 setRequiredNetworkType 或 setRequiredNetwork 约束条件，则必须声明 ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE 权限。如果您的应用未声明 ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE 权限 Android 14 或更高版本，则会导致 SecurityException。

API de inicialização de blocos

对于以 Android 14 及更高版本为目标平台的应用， TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) 已弃用，现在会抛出 调用时抛出异常。如果您的应用从功能块启动 activity，请使用 TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent)。

Privacidade

Acesso parcial a fotos e vídeos

Android 14 引入了“已选照片访问权限”，让用户可以向应用授予对其媒体库中特定图片和视频的访问权限，而不是授予对给定类型的所有媒体的访问权限。

只有当您的应用以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台时，此更改才会启用。如果您尚未使用照片选择器，我们建议您在应用中实现照片选择器，以提供一致的图片和视频选择体验，同时增强用户隐私保护，而无需请求任何存储权限。

如果您使用存储权限维护自己的图库选择器，并且需要对实现保持完全控制，请调整实现以使用新的 READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED 权限。如果您的应用不使用新权限，系统会以兼容模式运行您的应用。

Experiência do usuário

Notificações seguras de intent de tela cheia

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

Segurança

Restrições a intents implícitas e pendentes

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，Android 会通过以下方式限制应用向内部应用组件发送隐式 intent：

  • 隐式 intent 只能传送到导出的组件。应用必须使用显式 intent 传送到未导出的组件，或将该组件标记为已导出。
  • 如果应用通过未指定组件或软件包的 intent 创建可变待处理 intent，系统会抛出异常。

这些变更可防止恶意应用拦截意在供应用内部组件使用的隐式 intent。

例如，下面是可以在应用的清单文件中声明的 intent 过滤器：

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

如果应用尝试使用隐式 intent 启动此 activity，则系统会抛出 ActivityNotFoundException 异常：

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

如需启动非导出的 activity，应用应改用显式 intent：

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Os broadcast receivers registrados no ambiente de execução precisam especificar o comportamento de exportação

以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台并使用上下文注册的接收器的应用和服务必须指定以下标志，以指明接收器是否应导出到设备上的所有其他应用：RECEIVER_EXPORTED 或 RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED。此要求有助于利用 Android 13 中引入的这些接收器的功能，来保护应用免受安全漏洞的影响。

仅接收系统广播的接收器的例外情况

如果您的应用仅通过 Context#registerReceiver 方法（例如 Context#registerReceiver()）针对系统广播注册接收器，那么它在注册接收器时不应指定标志。

Carregamento mais seguro de código dinâmico

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

Mais restrições para o início de atividades em segundo plano

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，系统会进一步限制允许应用在后台启动 activity 的时间：

这些更改扩大了一组现有限制条件的范围，目的是防止恶意应用滥用 API 以在后台启动干扰性活动，从而保护用户。

Travessia de caminhos de arquivo ZIP

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way: ZipFile(String) and ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() throws a ZipException if zip file entry names contain ".." or start with "/".

Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback().

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException is thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay in either of the following scenarios:

Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single capture session is a single invocation on MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, and each MediaProjection instance must be used only once.

Handle configuration changes

If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay to handle configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing), you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay for the existing MediaProjection instance:

  1. Invoke VirtualDisplay#resize with the new width and height.
  2. Provide a new Surface with the new width and height to VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Register a callback

Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement Callback#onStop and have your app release any related resources (such as the VirtualDisplay and Surface).

If your app doesn't register this callback, MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay throws an IllegalStateException when your app invokes it.

Atualização das restrições não SDK

Android 14 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 14, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while you can currently use some non-SDK interfaces (depending on your app's target API level), using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you cannot find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 14. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.