Modifications de comportement : applications ciblant Android 14 ou version ultérieure

Comme les versions précédentes, Android 14 apporte des modifications de comportement pouvant affecter votre application. Les modifications de comportement suivantes s'appliquent exclusivement aux applications qui ciblent Android 14 (niveau d'API 34) ou version ultérieure. Si votre application cible Android 14 ou une version ultérieure, vous devez la modifier pour qu'elle prenne en charge ces comportements, le cas échéant.

Veillez également à consulter la liste des modifications de comportement qui affectent toutes les applications exécutées sur Android 14, peu importe la targetSdkVersion de l'application.

Fonctionnalité de base

Le type de service au premier plan doit être indiqué

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

Note: Android 14 introduces foreground service types for health and remote messaging use cases. The system also reserves new types for short services, special use cases, and system exemptions.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

Application de l'autorisation BLUETOOTH_CONNECT dans BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

Mises à jour OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

• Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler renforce le comportement des rappels et du réseau

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

API de lancement des tuiles

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

Confidentialité

Accès limité aux photos et aux vidéos

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

Expérience utilisateur

Notifications d'intent plein écran sécurisées

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

Sécurité

Restrictions concernant les intents implicites et en attente

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，Android 会通过以下方式限制应用向内部应用组件发送隐式 intent：

• 隐式 intent 只能传送到导出的组件。应用必须使用显式 intent 传送到未导出的组件，或将该组件标记为已导出。
• 如果应用通过未指定组件或软件包的 intent 创建可变待处理 intent，系统会抛出异常。

这些变更可防止恶意应用拦截意在供应用内部组件使用的隐式 intent。

例如，下面是可以在应用的清单文件中声明的 intent 过滤器：

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

如果应用尝试使用隐式 intent 启动此 activity，则系统会抛出 ActivityNotFoundException 异常：

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

如需启动非导出的 activity，应用应改用显式 intent：

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Les broadcasts receivers enregistrés lors de l'exécution doivent spécifier le comportement d'exportation

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

Chargement de code dynamique plus sécurisé

如果您的应用以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台并使用动态代码 正在加载 (DCL)，所有动态加载的文件都必须标记为只读。 否则，系统会抛出异常。我们建议应用尽可能避免动态加载代码，因为这样做会大大增加应用因代码注入或代码篡改而遭到入侵的风险。

如果必须动态加载代码，请使用以下方法，在动态文件（例如 DEX、JAR 或 APK 文件）打开并写入任何内容之前立即将其设为只读：

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

处理已存在的动态加载文件

为防止系统对现有动态加载的文件抛出异常，我们建议您先删除并重新创建文件，然后再尝试在应用中重新动态加载这些文件。重新创建文件时，请按照上述指南在写入时将文件标记为只读。或者，您可以将现有文件重新标记为只读，但在这种情况下，我们强烈建议您先验证文件的完整性（例如，对照可信值检查文件的签名）以保护应用免遭恶意操作的影响。

Restrictions supplémentaires concernant le démarrage d'activités en arrière-plan

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

• When an app sends a PendingIntent using PendingIntent#send() or similar methods, the app must opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to start the pending intent. To opt in, the app should pass an ActivityOptions bundle with setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED).
• When a visible app binds a service of another app that's in the background using the bindService() method, the visible app must now opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to the bound service. To opt in, the app should include the BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS flag when calling the bindService() method.

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Traversée de répertoire ZIP

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，Android 会通过以下方式防止 Zip 路径遍历漏洞：如果 Zip 文件条目名称包含“..”或以“/”开头，ZipFile(String) 和 ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() 会抛出 ZipException。

应用可以通过调用 dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback() 选择停用此验证。

Consentement de l'utilisateur requis pour chaque session de capture MediaProjection

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，在以下任一情况下，MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 都会抛出 SecurityException：

• 您的应用会缓存从 MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent 返回的 Intent，并多次将其传递给 MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection。
• 您的应用在同一 MediaProjection 实例上多次调用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay。

您的应用必须在每次捕获会话之前征求用户同意。单次捕获会话是对 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 的单次调用，并且每个 MediaProjection 实例只能使用一次。

处理配置变更

如果您的应用需要调用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 来处理配置更改（例如屏幕方向或屏幕大小更改），您可以按照以下步骤更新现有 MediaProjection 实例的 VirtualDisplay：

1. 使用新的宽度和高度调用 VirtualDisplay#resize。
2. 向 VirtualDisplay#setSurface 提供新的 Surface，并为其指定新的宽度和高度。

注册回调

您的应用应注册回调，以处理用户不同意继续拍摄会话的情况。为此，请实现 Callback#onStop，并让应用释放所有相关资源（例如 VirtualDisplay 和 Surface）。

如果您的应用未注册此回调，当您的应用调用它时，MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 会抛出 IllegalStateException。

Mise à jour des restrictions non SDK

Android 14 inclut des listes à jour d'interfaces non SDK limitées grâce à la collaboration avec les développeurs Android et aux derniers tests internes. Dans la mesure du possible, nous nous assurons que des alternatives publiques sont disponibles avant de limiter les interfaces non SDK.

Si votre application ne cible pas Android 14, certaines de ces modifications ne vous affecteront peut-être pas immédiatement. Cependant, bien que vous puissiez actuellement utiliser certaines interfaces non SDK (en fonction du niveau d'API cible de votre application), l'utilisation d'un champ ou d'une méthode non SDK présente toujours un risque élevé d'endommager votre application.

Si vous n'êtes pas sûr que votre application utilise des interfaces non SDK, vous pouvez tester votre application pour le savoir. Si votre application repose sur des interfaces non SDK, vous devriez commencer à planifier une migration vers des alternatives SDK. Nous comprenons néanmoins que certaines applications ont des cas d'utilisation valides pour utiliser des interfaces non SDK. Si vous ne trouvez pas d'alternative à l'utilisation d'une interface non SDK pour une fonctionnalité de votre application, vous devriez demander une nouvelle API publique.

如需详细了解此 Android 版本中的变更，请参阅 Android 14 中有关限制非 SDK 接口的更新。如需全面了解有关非 SDK 接口的详细信息，请参阅对非 SDK 接口的限制。