Android 14 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion
為何,當應用程式在 Android 14 上執行時,下列行為變更將會套用至所有應用程式。您應測試應用程式,並視需要修改,以便在適當情況下支援新版本功能。
另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 14 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更。
核心功能
根據預設,系統會拒絕排定精確鬧鐘
Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that
need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the
SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM
permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps
targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.
Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.
在應用程式快取期間,註冊使用情境的廣播訊息會排入佇列
在 Android 14 中,當應用程式處於快取狀態時,系統可以將已註冊使用情境的廣播訊息排入佇列。這類似於佇列 Android 12 (API 級別 31) 為非同步繫結器引入的行為 交易系統不會將宣告資訊清單的廣播訊息排入佇列,而且應用程式會遭到移除 以便進行廣播傳遞
當應用程式結束快取狀態 (例如返回前景時), 系統會傳送所有排入佇列的廣播訊息某些廣播訊息的多個執行個體可以合併為單一廣播訊息。根據其他因素,例如系統 健康狀態、應用程式可能會從快取狀態中移除, 廣播訊息
應用程式只能終止自己的背景處理程序
Starting in Android 14, when your app calls killBackgroundProcesses()
,
the API can kill only the background processes of your own app.
If you pass in the package name of another app, this method has no effect on that app's background processes, and the following message appears in Logcat:
Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp
Your app shouldn't use the killBackgroundProcesses()
API or otherwise attempt
to influence the process lifecycle of other apps, even on older OS versions.
Android is designed to keep cached apps in the background and kill them
automatically when the system needs memory. If your app kills other apps
unnecessarily, it can reduce system performance and increase battery consumption
by requiring full restarts of those apps later, which takes significantly more
resources than resuming an existing cached app.
針對第一個要求 MTU 的 GATT 用戶端,MTU 會設為 517
从 Android 14 开始,Android 蓝牙堆栈会更严格地遵循 蓝牙核心规范 5.2 版,并在第一个 GATT 客户端使用 BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int)
API 请求 MTU 时将 BLE ATT MTU 请求设为 517 字节,并忽略该 ACL 连接上的所有后续 MTU 请求。
如需解决此更改并使您的应用更为稳健,请考虑以下选项:
- 您的外围设备应使用外围设备可以容纳的合理值来响应 Android 设备的 MTU 请求。最终协商的值将是 Android 请求的值和远程提供的值(例如
min(517, remoteMtu)
)的较小值- 实现此修复程序可能需要更新外围设备的固件
- 或者,您也可以根据外围设备的已知支持值与收到的 MTU 更改值之间的最小值来限制 GATT 特征写入
- 提醒您,应将标头的支持大小减小 5 个字节
- 例如:
arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5
應用程式可能排入受限制待命值區的新原因
Android 14 推出了應用程式可放入受限制待命值區的新原因。應用程式的工作因 onStartJob
、onStopJob
或 onBind
方法逾時而多次觸發 ANR 錯誤。(如要瞭解 onStartJob
和 onStopJob
的變更,請參閱「JobScheduler 強化回呼和網路行為」)。
如要追蹤應用程式是否已進入受限制的待機區塊,建議您在工作執行時使用 API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket()
進行記錄,或在應用程式啟動時使用 UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf()
。
mlock 上限為 64 KB
In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory
that can be locked using mlock()
to 64 KB per process. In
previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction
promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more
consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the
new mlock()
limit on compatible devices.
系統會強制執行快取應用程式的資源用量
By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the
background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process
is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that
Activity
instances perform after the onStop()
method has been called and
returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.
Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.
Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as
services, JobScheduler
, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be
impacted by these changes.
使用者體驗
關於使用者無法關閉通知的變更
如果您的应用向用户显示不可关闭的前台通知,请注意:Android 14 已更改此行为,允许用户关闭此类通知。
这项变更适用于阻止用户关闭前台的应用
将 Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT
设置为
Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true)
或
NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true)
。FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT
的行为已发生变化,使用户实际上能够关闭此类通知。
在以下情况下,此类通知仍不可关闭:
- 当手机处于锁定状态时
- 如果用户选择全部清除通知操作(有助于防止意外关闭)
此外,这一新行为不适用于以下用例中的通知:
CallStyle
条通知- 企业设备政策控制器 (DPC) 和支持软件包
- 媒体通知
- 默认的搜索选择器软件包
以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊
To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.
We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.
Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.
無障礙設定
非線性字型縮放至 200%
Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).
If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then this change probably won't have a high impact on your app. However, you should perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.
安全性
可安裝的目標 API 級別下限
从 Android 14 开始,targetSdkVersion
低于 23 的应用无法安装。要求应用满足这些最低目标 API 级别要求有助于提高用户的安全性和隐私性。
恶意软件通常会以较旧的 API 级别为目标平台,以绕过在较新版本 Android 中引入的安全和隐私保护机制。例如,有些恶意软件应用使用 targetSdkVersion
22,以避免受到 Android 6.0 Marshmallow(API 级别 23)在 2015 年引入的运行时权限模型的约束。这项 Android 14 变更使恶意软件更难以规避安全和隐私权方面的改进限制。尝试安装以较低 API 级别为目标平台的应用将导致安装失败,并且 Logcat 中会显示以下消息:
INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7
在升级到 Android 14 的设备上,targetSdkVersion
低于 23 的所有应用都将继续保持安装状态。
如果您需要测试以旧版 API 级别为目标平台的应用,请使用以下 ADB 命令:
adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk
媒體擁有者的套件名稱可能會被遮蓋
您可以使用媒體儲存區查詢列有儲存特定媒體檔案應用程式的 OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME
資料欄。自 Android 14 版本起,除非符合下列至少一項條件,否則系統將遮蓋此值:
- 儲存媒體檔案的應用程式會具備一律可由其他應用程式瀏覽的套件名稱。
查詢媒體儲存區的應用程式會要求
QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES
權限。
進一步瞭解 Android 如何篩選套件的瀏覽權限,以保護隱私權。