行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 14 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，當應用程式在 Android 14 上執行時，下列行為變更將會套用至所有應用程式。您應測試應用程式，並視需要修改，以便在適當情況下支援新版本功能。

另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 14 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更。

核心功能

根據預設，系統會拒絕排定精確鬧鐘

精確鬧鐘是針對使用者需求或需要在確切時間發生的操作所設計的通知。自 Android 14 起，SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM 權限不再預先授予以 Android 13 以上版本為目標所安裝的最新應用程式；該權限依預設為拒絕狀態。

進一步瞭解精準鬧鐘排程權限變更。

在應用程式快取期間，註冊使用情境的廣播訊息會排入佇列

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

應用程式只能終止自己的背景處理程序

Starting in Android 14, when your app calls killBackgroundProcesses(), the API can kill only the background processes of your own app.

If you pass in the package name of another app, this method has no effect on that app's background processes, and the following message appears in Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

Your app shouldn't use the killBackgroundProcesses() API or otherwise attempt to influence the process lifecycle of other apps, even on older OS versions. Android is designed to keep cached apps in the background and kill them automatically when the system needs memory. If your app kills other apps unnecessarily, it can reduce system performance and increase battery consumption by requiring full restarts of those apps later, which takes significantly more resources than resuming an existing cached app.

MTU 會設為 517，供第一個要求 MTU 的 GATT 用戶端使用

自 Android 14 起，Android Bluetooth 堆疊會更嚴格地遵循 Bluetooth Core Specification 5.2 版，並在第一個 GATT 用戶端使用 BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API 要求 MTU 時，要求 BLE ATT MTU 為 517 個位元組，並忽略該 ACL 連線的所有後續 MTU 要求。

如要因應這項變更並讓應用程式更健全，請考慮下列選項：

  • 外接裝置應以外接裝置可容納的合理值回應 Android 裝置的 MTU 要求。最終協商的值會是 Android 要求的值和遠端提供的值 (例如 min(517, remoteMtu)) 的最小值。
    • 實作此修正可能需要周邊裝置的韌體更新
  • 或者，您也可以根據周邊裝置已知支援的值與收到的 MTU 變更值之間的最小值，限制 GATT 特性寫入作業。
    • 提醒您，請將標頭的支援大小減少 5 個位元組
    • 例如：arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

應用程式可能排入受限制待命值區的新原因

Android 14 引入了一种可将应用放入受限待机模式存储分区的新原因。由于 onStartJob、onStopJob 或 onBind 方法超时，应用的作业多次触发 ANR 错误。（如需了解对 onStartJob 和 onStopJob 的更改，请参阅 JobScheduler 强化了回调和网络行为。）

如需跟踪应用是否已进入受限待机分桶，我们建议您在作业执行时使用 API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() 进行日志记录，或在应用启动时使用 UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() 进行日志记录。

mlock 上限為 64 KB

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

系統會強制執行快取應用程式的資源用量

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

使用者體驗

關於使用者無法關閉通知的變更

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

  • When the phone is locked
  • If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

  • CallStyle notifications
  • Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
  • Media notifications
  • The default Search Selector package

以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊

為了加強使用者隱私，Android 14 會增加系統顯示您在 Play 管理中心表單中宣告的資訊地點數量。目前，使用者可以在 Google Play 應用程式商店資訊的「資料安全性」專區中查看這項資訊。

建議您查看應用程式的位置資料分享政策，並撥冗為應用程式的 Google Play 資料安全性專區進行適用的更新。

詳情請參閱這份指南，瞭解 Android 14 如何以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊。

無障礙設定

非線性字型縮放至 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing users with additional accessibility options.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then this change probably won't have a high impact on your app. However, you should perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

安全性

可安裝的目標 API 級別下限

Starting with Android 14, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet these minimum target API level requirements improves security and privacy for users.

Malware often targets older API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in newer Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 14 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level will result in an installation failure, with the following message appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 14, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 will remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

媒體擁有者的套件名稱可能會被遮蓋

媒体库支持查询 OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME 列，该列表示存储特定媒体文件的应用。从 Android 14 开始，除非满足以下条件之一，否则系统会隐去此值：

  • 存储媒体文件的应用有一个软件包名称始终对其他应用可见。

  • 查询媒体库的应用会请求 QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES 权限。

详细了解 Android 如何出于隐私保护目的而过滤软件包可见性。