Funkcje i interfejsy API – przegląd

Android 14 wprowadza świetne funkcje i interfejsy API dla deweloperów. Poniższe materiały pomogą Ci poznać funkcje aplikacji i zacząć korzystać z powiązanych interfejsów API.

Szczegółową listę dodanych, zmodyfikowanych i usuniętych interfejsów API znajdziesz w raporcie o różnicach w interfejsach API. Szczegółowe informacje o dodanych interfejsach API znajdziesz w dokumentacji interfejsu Android API. W przypadku Androida 14 poszukaj interfejsów API dodanych na poziomie 34. Aby dowiedzieć się, w jakich obszarach zmiany na platformie mogą wpłynąć na Twoje aplikacje, zapoznaj się ze zmianami w Androidzie 14 w przypadku aplikacji kierowanych na Androida 14 i w przypadku wszystkich aplikacji.

Internacjonalizacja

Wybór języka według aplikacji

Android 14 expands on the per-app language features that were introduced in Android 13 (API level 33) with these additional capabilities:

  • Automatically generate an app's localeConfig: Starting with Android Studio Giraffe Canary 7 and AGP 8.1.0-alpha07, you can configure your app to support per-app language preferences automatically. Based on your project resources, the Android Gradle plugin generates the LocaleConfig file and adds a reference to it in the final manifest file, so you no longer have to create or update the file manually. AGP uses the resources in the res folders of your app modules and any library module dependencies to determine the locales to include in the LocaleConfig file.

  • Dynamic updates for an app's localeConfig: Use the setOverrideLocaleConfig() and getOverrideLocaleConfig() methods in LocaleManager to dynamically update your app's list of supported languages in the device's system settings. Use this flexibility to customize the list of supported languages per region, run A/B experiments, or provide an updated list of locales if your app utilizes server-side pushes for localization.

  • App language visibility for input method editors (IMEs): IMEs can utilize the getApplicationLocales() method to check the language of the current app and match the IME language to that language.

Grammatical Inflection API

有 30 亿人在使用区分性别的语言，此类语言的语法类别（例如名词、动词、形容词和介词）会根据您交谈所涉及的人或物的性别而变化。传统上，许多区分性别的语言使用阳性语法性别作为默认或通用性别。

以错误的语法性别来称呼用户，例如以阳性语法性别来称呼女性，可能会对她们的表现和态度产生负面影响。相比之下，界面语言如果能正确反映用户的语法性别，就可以提高用户互动度，并提供更个性化、更自然的用户体验。

Aby ułatwić Ci tworzenie interfejsu przyjaznego dla użytkownika w językach z rodzajami gramatycznymi, Android 14 wprowadza interfejs Inflection API, który umożliwia dodanie obsługi rodzaju gramatycznego bez konieczności refaktoryzacji aplikacji.

Preferencje regionalne

Regional preferences enable users to personalize temperature units, the first day of the week, and numbering systems. A European living in the United States might prefer temperature units to be in Celsius rather than Fahrenheit and for apps to treat Monday as the beginning of the week instead of the US default of Sunday.

New Android Settings menus for these preferences provide users with a discoverable and centralized location to change app preferences. These preferences also persist through backup and restore. Several APIs and intents—such as getTemperatureUnit and getFirstDayOfWeek— grant your app read access to user preferences, so your app can adjust how it displays information. You can also register a BroadcastReceiver on ACTION_LOCALE_CHANGED to handle locale configuration changes when regional preferences change.

To find these settings, open the Settings app and navigate to System > Languages & input > Regional preferences.

Regional preferences screen in Android system settings.
Temperature options for regional preferences in Android system settings.

Ułatwienia dostępu

Nieliniowe skalowanie czcionki do 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

To prevent large text elements on screen from scaling too large, the system applies a nonlinear scaling curve. This scaling strategy means that large text doesn't scale at the same rate as smaller text. Nonlinear font scaling helps preserve the proportional hierarchy between elements of different sizes while mitigating issues with linear text scaling at high degrees (such as text being cut off or text that becomes harder to read due to an extremely large display sizes).

Test your app with nonlinear font scaling

Enable the maximum font size in a device's accessibility settings to test your app.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then these additional options and scaling improvements are applied automatically to the text in your app. However, you should still perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app applies the font sizes correctly and can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

To enable 200% font size, follow these steps:

  1. Open the Settings app and navigate to Accessibility > Display size and text.
  2. For the Font size option, tap the plus (+) icon until the maximum font size setting is enabled, as shown in the image that accompanies this section.

Use scaled pixel (sp) units for text-sizes

Remember to always specify text sizes in sp units. When your app uses sp units, Android can apply the user's preferred text size and scale it appropriately.

Don't use sp units for padding or define view heights assuming implicit padding: with nonlinear font scaling sp dimensions might not be proportional, so 4sp + 20sp might not equal 24sp.

Convert scaled pixel (sp) units

Use TypedValue.applyDimension() to convert from sp units to pixels, and use TypedValue.deriveDimension() to convert pixels to sp. These methods apply the appropriate nonlinear scaling curve automatically.

Avoid hardcoding equations using Configuration.fontScale or DisplayMetrics.scaledDensity. Because font scaling is nonlinear, the scaledDensity field is no longer accurate. The fontScale field should be used for informational purposes only because fonts are no longer scaled with a single scalar value.

Use sp units for lineHeight

Always define android:lineHeight using sp units instead of dp, so the line height scales along with your text. Otherwise, if your text is sp but your lineHeight is in dp or px, it doesn't scale and looks cramped. TextView automatically corrects the lineHeight so that your intended proportions are preserved, but only if both textSize and lineHeight are defined in sp units.

Aparat i multimedia

Ultra HDR w przypadku zdjęć

标准动态范围 (SDR) 与高动态范围 (HDR) 图片质量对比示意图。

Android 14 新增了对高动态范围 (HDR) 图片的支持，可在拍摄照片时保留更多来自传感器的信息，从而实现鲜艳的色彩和更高的对比度。Android 使用 Ultra HDR 格式，该格式与 JPEG 图片完全向后兼容，可让应用与 HDR 图片无缝互操作，并根据需要以标准动态范围 (SDR) 显示这些图片。

当您的应用选择为其 activity 窗口使用 HDR 界面（通过清单条目或通过在运行时调用 Window.setColorMode()）时，框架会自动在界面中以 HDR 格式渲染这些图片。您还可以在受支持的设备上拍摄压缩的 Ultra HDR 静态图片。从传感器中恢复的颜色越多，后期编辑的灵活性就越高。与 Ultra HDR 图片关联的 Gainmap 可用于使用 OpenGL 或 Vulkan 渲染这些图片。

Zoom, ostrość, podgląd i inne funkcje w rozszerzeniach aparatu

Android 14 升级并改进了相机扩展程序，让应用能够处理更长的处理时间，从而支持在受支持的设备上使用计算密集型算法（例如弱光摄影）来改善图片。这些功能可让用户在使用相机扩展功能时获得更出色的体验。这些改进的示例包括：

Zoom na matrycy

When REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE in CameraCharacteristics contains SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW, your app can use advanced sensor capabilities to give a cropped RAW stream the same pixels as the full field of view by using a CaptureRequest with a RAW target that has stream use case set to CameraMetadata.SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW. By implementing the request override controls, the updated camera gives users zoom control even before other camera controls are ready.

Bezstratny dźwięk przez USB

Android 14 obsługuje bezstratne formaty dźwięku, dzięki czemu można uzyskać dźwięk w jakości studyjnej w przypadku przewodowych słuchawek USB. Możesz wysyłać zapytania do urządzenia USB w celu uzyskania preferowanych atrybutów miksera, rejestrować słuchacza zmian w preferowanych atrybutach miksera i konfigurować atrybuty miksera za pomocą klasy AudioMixerAttributes. Ta klasa reprezentuje format, np. maskę kanału, częstotliwość próbkowania i zachowanie miksera audio. Ta klasa umożliwia przesyłanie dźwięku bezpośrednio bez miksowania, regulowania głośności ani przetwarzania efektów.

Wydajność i narzędzia dla programistów

Credential Manager

Android 14 adds Credential Manager as a platform API, with additional support back to Android 4.4 (API level 19) devices through a Jetpack Library using Google Play services. Credential Manager aims to make sign-in easier for users with APIs that retrieve and store credentials with user-configured credential providers. Credential Manager supports multiple sign-in methods, including username and password, passkeys, and federated sign-in solutions (such as Sign-in with Google) in a single API.

Passkeys provide many advantages. For example, passkeys are built on industry standards, can work across different operating systems and browser ecosystems, and can be used with both websites and apps.

For more information, see the Credential Manager and passkeys documentation and the blogpost about Credential Manager and passkeys.

Health Connect

Health Connect is an on-device repository for user health and fitness data. It allows users to share data between their favorite apps, with a single place to control what data they want to share with these apps.

On devices running Android versions prior to Android 14, Health Connect is available to download as an app on the Google Play store. Starting with Android 14, Health Connect is part of the platform and receives updates through Google Play system updates without requiring a separate download. With this, Health Connect can be updated frequently, and your apps can rely on Health Connect being available on devices running Android 14 or higher. Users can access Health Connect from the Settings in their device, with privacy controls integrated into the system settings.

Users can get started using Health Connect without a separate app download on devices running Android 14 or higher.
Users can control which apps have access to their health and fitness data through system settings.

Health Connect includes several new features in Android 14, such as exercise routes, allowing users to share a route of their workout which can be visualized on a map. A route is defined as a list of locations saved within a window of time, and your app can insert routes into exercise sessions, tying them together. To ensure that users have complete control over this sensitive data, users must allow sharing individual routes with other apps.

For more information, see the Health Connection documentation and the blogpost on What's new in Android Health.

Aktualizacje OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

The following features and improvements are included:

  • Updated approximately 300 java.base classes to Java 17 support.
  • Text Blocks, which introduce multi-line string literals to the Java programming language.
  • Pattern Matching for instanceof, which allows an object to be treated as having a specific type in an instanceof without any additional variables.
  • Sealed classes, which allow you restrict which classes and interfaces can extend or implement them.

Thanks to Google Play system updates (Project Mainline), over 600 million devices are enabled to receive the latest Android Runtime (ART) updates that include these changes. This is part of our commitment to give apps a more consistent, secure environment across devices, and to deliver new features and capabilities to users independent of platform releases.

Java and OpenJDK are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Ulepszenia w sklepach z aplikacjami

Android 14 引入了多个 PackageInstaller API，可帮助应用商店改善其用户体验。

下载之前请求批准安装

安装或更新应用可能需要用户批准。例如，当使用 REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES 权限的安装程序尝试安装新应用时。在之前的 Android 版本中，只有在将 APK 写入安装会话并且提交会话后，应用商店才能请求用户批准。

从 Android 14 开始，requestUserPreapproval() 方法可让安装程序在提交安装会话之前请求用户批准。此项改进可让应用商店将任何 APK 的下载操作推迟到用户批准安装之后。此外，用户批准安装后，应用商店可以在后台下载并安装应用，而不会干扰用户。

承担未来更新的责任

借助 setRequestUpdateOwnership() 方法，安装程序可以向系统表明它打算负责将被安装的应用未来的更新。此 capability 可实现更新所有权强制执行，即仅允许更新所有者为应用安装自动更新。更新所有权强制执行有助于确保用户仅收到来自预期应用商店的更新。

任何其他安装程序（包括使用 INSTALL_PACKAGES 权限的安装程序）都必须获得用户的明确批准，才能安装更新。如果用户决定继续从其他来源安装更新，则会失去更新所有权。

在干扰较少的时段更新应用

应用商店通常希望避免更新正在使用的应用，因为这会导致应用正在运行的进程被终止，而这可能会中断用户正在执行的操作。

从 Android 14 开始，InstallConstraints API 让安装程序可以确保其应用更新在适当的时机进行。例如，应用商店可以调用 commitSessionAfterInstallConstraintsAreMet() 方法来确保仅在用户不再与相应应用互动时才进行更新。

无缝安装可选拆分

借助拆分 APK，应用的功能可以通过单独的 APK 文件提供，而不是以单体式 APK 的形式提供。借助拆分 APK，应用商店可以优化不同应用组件的提供。例如，应用商店可能会根据目标设备的属性进行优化。自在 API 级别 22 中引入以来，PackageInstaller API 一直支持拆分。

在 Android 14 中，setDontKillApp() 方法可让安装程序指明在安装新的拆分项时应用的运行进程不应终止。应用商店可以使用此功能，在用户使用应用时无缝安装应用的新功能。

Pakiety metadanych aplikacji

Od Androida 14 instalator pakietów Androida umożliwia określanie metadanych aplikacji, takich jak zasady bezpieczeństwa danych, które mają być wyświetlane na stronach sklepów z aplikacjami, np. w Google Play.

Wykrywanie, kiedy użytkownicy robią zrzuty ekranu urządzenia

为了打造更加标准化的屏幕截图检测体验，Android 14 引入了可保护隐私的屏幕截图检测 API。借助此 API，应用可以按 activity 注册回调。如果用户在该 activity 可见时截取屏幕截图，系统会调用这些回调并通知用户。

Interfejs użytkownika

Działania niestandardowe na arkuszu udostępniania i ulepszone rankingi

Android 14 updates the system sharesheet to support custom app actions and more informative preview results for users.

Add custom actions

With Android 14, your app can add custom actions to the system sharesheet it invokes.

Screenshot of custom actions on the sharesheet.

Improve ranking of Direct Share targets

Android 14 uses more signals from apps to determine the ranking of the direct share targets to provide more helpful results for the user. To provide the most useful signal for ranking, follow the guidance for improving rankings of your Direct Share targets. Communication apps can also report shortcut usage for outgoing and incoming messages.

Direct Share row in the sharesheet, as shown by 1

Obsługa wbudowanych i niestandardowych animacji przewidywanego przejścia wstecz

视频：预测性返回动画

Android 13 在开发者选项背后引入了预测性“返回主屏幕”动画。在已启用开发者选项的受支持应用中使用时，滑回手势会显示动画，表明返回手势会使应用退回到主屏幕。

Android 14 包含针对“预测性返回”的多项改进和新指南：

在此 Android 14 预览版中，所有预测性返回功能都是位于开发者选项背后。请参阅与将您的应用迁移到预测性返回有关的开发者指南，以及与创建自定义应用内转换有关的开发者指南。

Zastąpienia ustawień producenta urządzenia z dużym ekranem dla poszczególnych aplikacji

Zastąpienia dotyczące aplikacji umożliwiają producentom urządzeń zmianę działania aplikacji na urządzeniach z dużym ekranem. Na przykład zastąpienie FORCE_RESIZE_APP instruuje system, aby zmienił rozmiar aplikacji, aby pasowała do wyświetlanych wymiarów (unikając trybu zgodności rozmiaru), nawet jeśli w manifeście aplikacji ustawiono resizeableActivity="false".

Zastąpienia mają na celu poprawę wrażeń użytkowników na dużych ekranach.

Nowe właściwości pliku manifestu umożliwiają wyłączenie w przypadku aplikacji niektórych zastąpień producenta urządzenia.

Zastępowanie ustawień aplikacji na urządzeniach z dużym ekranem

Per-app overrides change the behavior of apps on large screen devices. For example, the OVERRIDE_MIN_ASPECT_RATIO_LARGE device manufacturer override sets the app aspect ratio to 16:9 regardless of the app's configuration.

Android 14 QPR1 enables users to apply per‑app overrides by means of a new settings menu on large screen devices.

Udostępnianie ekranu aplikacji

借助应用界面共享功能，用户可以在录制屏幕内容时共享应用窗口，而不是整个设备屏幕。

在应用屏幕共享模式下，状态栏、导航栏、通知和其他系统界面元素会从共享显示屏中排除。系统只会分享所选应用的内容。

应用屏幕共享功能可让用户运行多个应用，但将内容共享限制为单个应用，从而提高工作效率并保护隐私。

Inteligentna odpowiedź na klawiaturze Gboard na Pixelu 8 Pro oparta na LLM

Na urządzeniach Pixel 8 Pro z aktualizacją z listopada deweloperzy mogą wypróbować inteligentne odpowiedzi lepszej jakości w klawiaturze Gboard, które są obsługiwane przez duże modele językowe (LLM) działające na procesorze Google Tensor.

Ta funkcja jest dostępna w wersji testowej w języku angielskim (USA) w aplikacji WhatsApp, Line i KakaoTalk. Wymaga użycia urządzenia Pixel 8 Pro z klawiaturą Gboard.

Aby wypróbować tę funkcję, najpierw włącz ją w sekcji Ustawienia > Opcje programisty > Ustawienia AICore > Włącz trwałe AICore.

Następnie otwórz rozmowę w obsługiwanej aplikacji, aby zobaczyć inteligentną odpowiedź w pasku sugestii Gboard, która jest obsługiwana przez LLM.

Gboard korzysta z LLM na urządzeniu, aby dostarczać inteligentne odpowiedzi lepszej jakości.

Grafika

Ścieżki można wyszukiwać i interpolować

Android's Path API is a powerful and flexible mechanism for creating and rendering vector graphics, with the ability to stroke or fill a path, construct a path from line segments or quadratic or cubic curves, perform boolean operations to get even more complex shapes, or all of these simultaneously. One limitation is the ability to find out what is actually in a Path object; the internals of the object are opaque to callers after creation.

To create a Path, you call methods such as moveTo(), lineTo(), and cubicTo() to add path segments. But there has been no way to ask that path what the segments are, so you must retain that information at creation time.

Starting in Android 14, you can query paths to find out what's inside of them. First, you need to get a PathIterator object using the Path.getPathIterator API:

Kotlin

val path = Path().apply {
    moveTo(1.0f, 1.0f)
    lineTo(2.0f, 2.0f)
    close()
}
val pathIterator = path.pathIterator

Java

Path path = new Path();
path.moveTo(1.0F, 1.0F);
path.lineTo(2.0F, 2.0F);
path.close();
PathIterator pathIterator = path.getPathIterator();

Next, you can call PathIterator to iterate through the segments one by one, retrieving all of the necessary data for each segment. This example uses PathIterator.Segment objects, which packages up the data for you:

Kotlin

for (segment in pathIterator) {
    println("segment: ${segment.verb}, ${segment.points}")
}

Java

while (pathIterator.hasNext()) {
    PathIterator.Segment segment = pathIterator.next();
    Log.i(LOG_TAG, "segment: " + segment.getVerb() + ", " + segment.getPoints());
}

PathIterator also has a non-allocating version of next() where you can pass in a buffer to hold the point data.

One of the important use cases of querying Path data is interpolation. For example, you might want to animate (or morph) between two different paths. To further simplify that use case, Android 14 also includes the interpolate() method on Path. Assuming the two paths have the same internal structure, the interpolate() method creates a new Path with that interpolated result. This example returns a path whose shape is halfway (a linear interpolation of .5) between path and otherPath:

Kotlin

val interpolatedResult = Path()
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, .5f, interpolatedResult)
}

Java

Path interpolatedResult = new Path();
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, 0.5F, interpolatedResult);
}

The Jetpack graphics-path library enables similar APIs for earlier versions of Android as well.

Niestandardowe siatki z shaderami wierzchołków i fragmentów

Android has long supported drawing triangle meshes with custom shading, but the input mesh format has been limited to a few predefined attribute combinations. Android 14 adds support for custom meshes, which can be defined as triangles or triangle strips, and can, optionally, be indexed. These meshes are specified with custom attributes, vertex strides, varying, and vertex and fragment shaders written in AGSL.

The vertex shader defines the varyings, such as position and color, while the fragment shader can optionally define the color for the pixel, typically by using the varyings created by the vertex shader. If color is provided by the fragment shader, it is then blended with the current Paint color using the blend mode selected when drawing the mesh. Uniforms can be passed into the fragment and vertex shaders for additional flexibility.

Renderowanie bufora sprzętowego w Canvas

协助使用 Android 的 Canvas API 通过 硬件加速至 HardwareBuffer、Android 14 引入了 HardwareBufferRenderer。如果您的用例涉及通过 SurfaceControl 与系统合成器通信以实现低延迟绘制，此 API 特别有用。