सुविधाओं और एपीआई के बारे में खास जानकारी

Android 14 में, डेवलपर के लिए कई बेहतरीन सुविधाएं और एपीआई उपलब्ध कराए गए हैं. यहां दी गई मदद से, आपको अपने ऐप्लिकेशन के लिए उपलब्ध सुविधाओं के बारे में जानने और उनसे जुड़े एपीआई का इस्तेमाल शुरू करने में मदद मिलेगी.

जोड़े गए, बदले गए, और हटाए गए एपीआई की पूरी सूची देखने के लिए, एपीआई में अंतर दिखाने वाली रिपोर्ट पढ़ें. जोड़े गए एपीआई के बारे में ज़्यादा जानने के लिए, Android API के बारे में जानकारी पर जाएं. Android 14 के लिए, ऐसे एपीआई देखें जो एपीआई लेवल 34 में जोड़े गए थे. जिन क्षेत्रों में प्लैटफ़ॉर्म में हुए बदलावों से आपके ऐप्लिकेशन पर असर पड़ सकता है उनके बारे में जानने के लिए, Android 14 में हुए व्यवहार से जुड़े बदलावों के बारे में ज़रूर जानें. ये बदलाव Android 14 को टारगेट करने वाले ऐप्लिकेशन के लिए और सभी ऐप्लिकेशन के लिए किए गए हैं.

इंटरनैशनलाइज़ेशन

हर ऐप्लिकेशन के हिसाब से पसंद की भाषा

Android 14 expands on the per-app language features that were introduced in Android 13 (API level 33) with these additional capabilities:

  • Automatically generate an app's localeConfig: Starting with Android Studio Giraffe Canary 7 and AGP 8.1.0-alpha07, you can configure your app to support per-app language preferences automatically. Based on your project resources, the Android Gradle plugin generates the LocaleConfig file and adds a reference to it in the final manifest file, so you no longer have to create or update the file manually. AGP uses the resources in the res folders of your app modules and any library module dependencies to determine the locales to include in the LocaleConfig file.

  • Dynamic updates for an app's localeConfig: Use the setOverrideLocaleConfig() and getOverrideLocaleConfig() methods in LocaleManager to dynamically update your app's list of supported languages in the device's system settings. Use this flexibility to customize the list of supported languages per region, run A/B experiments, or provide an updated list of locales if your app utilizes server-side pushes for localization.

  • App language visibility for input method editors (IMEs): IMEs can utilize the getApplicationLocales() method to check the language of the current app and match the IME language to that language.

Grammatical Inflection API

有 30 亿人在使用区分性别的语言，此类语言的语法类别（例如名词、动词、形容词和介词）会根据您交谈所涉及的人或物的性别而变化。传统上，许多区分性别的语言使用阳性语法性别作为默认或通用性别。

以错误的语法性别来称呼用户，例如以阳性语法性别来称呼女性，可能会对她们的表现和态度产生负面影响。相比之下，界面语言如果能正确反映用户的语法性别，就可以提高用户互动度，并提供更个性化、更自然的用户体验。

To help you build a user-centric UI for gendered languages, Android 14 introduces the Grammatical Inflection API, which lets you add support for grammatical gender without refactoring your app.

जगह के हिसाब से प्राथमिकताएं

Regional preferences enable users to personalize temperature units, the first day of the week, and numbering systems. A European living in the United States might prefer temperature units to be in Celsius rather than Fahrenheit and for apps to treat Monday as the beginning of the week instead of the US default of Sunday.

New Android Settings menus for these preferences provide users with a discoverable and centralized location to change app preferences. These preferences also persist through backup and restore. Several APIs and intents—such as getTemperatureUnit and getFirstDayOfWeek— grant your app read access to user preferences, so your app can adjust how it displays information. You can also register a BroadcastReceiver on ACTION_LOCALE_CHANGED to handle locale configuration changes when regional preferences change.

To find these settings, open the Settings app and navigate to System > Languages & input > Regional preferences.

Regional preferences screen in Android system settings.
Temperature options for regional preferences in Android system settings.

सुलभता

फ़ॉन्ट को 200% तक नॉन-लीनियर तरीके से बड़ा करना

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing users with additional accessibility options.

To prevent large text elements on screen from scaling too large, the system applies a nonlinear scaling curve. This scaling strategy means that large text doesn't scale at the same rate as smaller text. Nonlinear font scaling helps preserve the proportional hierarchy between elements of different sizes while mitigating issues with linear text scaling at high degrees (such as text being cut off or text that becomes harder to read due to an extremely large display sizes).

Test your app with nonlinear font scaling

Enable the maximum font size in a device's accessibility settings to test your app.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then these additional options and scaling improvements are applied automatically to the text in your app. However, you should still perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app applies the font sizes correctly and can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

To enable 200% font size, follow these steps:

  1. Open the Settings app and navigate to Accessibility > Display size and text.
  2. For the Font size option, tap the plus (+) icon until the maximum font size setting is enabled, as shown in the image that accompanies this section.

Use scaled pixel (sp) units for text-sizes

Remember to always specify text sizes in sp units. When your app uses sp units, Android can apply the user's preferred text size and scale it appropriately.

Don't use sp units for padding or define view heights assuming implicit padding: with nonlinear font scaling sp dimensions might not be proportional, so 4sp + 20sp might not equal 24sp.

Convert scaled pixel (sp) units

Use TypedValue.applyDimension() to convert from sp units to pixels, and use TypedValue.deriveDimension() to convert pixels to sp. These methods apply the appropriate nonlinear scaling curve automatically.

Avoid hardcoding equations using Configuration.fontScale or DisplayMetrics.scaledDensity. Because font scaling is nonlinear, the scaledDensity field is no longer accurate. The fontScale field should be used for informational purposes only because fonts are no longer scaled with a single scalar value.

Use sp units for lineHeight

Always define android:lineHeight using sp units instead of dp, so the line height scales along with your text. Otherwise, if your text is sp but your lineHeight is in dp or px, it doesn't scale and looks cramped. TextView automatically corrects the lineHeight so that your intended proportions are preserved, but only if both textSize and lineHeight are defined in sp units.

कैमरा और मीडिया

इमेज के लिए अल्ट्रा एचडीआर

标准动态范围 (SDR) 与高动态范围 (HDR) 图片质量对比示意图。

Android 14 新增了对高动态范围 (HDR) 图片的支持，可在拍摄照片时保留更多来自传感器的信息，从而实现鲜艳的色彩和更高的对比度。Android 使用 Ultra HDR 格式，该格式与 JPEG 图片完全向后兼容，可让应用与 HDR 图片无缝互操作，并根据需要以标准动态范围 (SDR) 显示这些图片。

当您的应用选择为其 activity 窗口使用 HDR 界面（通过清单条目或通过在运行时调用 Window.setColorMode()）时，框架会自动在界面中以 HDR 格式渲染这些图片。您还可以在受支持的设备上拍摄压缩的 Ultra HDR 静态图片。从传感器中恢复的颜色越多，后期编辑的灵活性就越高。与 Ultra HDR 图片关联的 Gainmap 可用于使用 OpenGL 或 Vulkan 渲染这些图片。

कैमरा एक्सटेंशन में ज़ूम करने, फ़ोकस करने, पोस्टव्यू करने वगैरह की सुविधा

Android 14 升级并改进了相机扩展程序，让应用能够处理更长的处理时间，从而支持在受支持的设备上使用计算密集型算法（例如弱光摄影）来改善图片。这些功能可让用户在使用相机扩展功能时获得更出色的体验。这些改进的示例包括：

इन-सेंसर ज़ूम

When REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE in CameraCharacteristics contains SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW, your app can use advanced sensor capabilities to give a cropped RAW stream the same pixels as the full field of view by using a CaptureRequest with a RAW target that has stream use case set to CameraMetadata.SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW. By implementing the request override controls, the updated camera gives users zoom control even before other camera controls are ready.

बिना डेटा लॉस वाला यूएसबी ऑडियो

Android 14 支持无损音频格式，可通过 USB 有线耳机提供发烧友级体验。您可以查询 USB 设备的首选混音器属性，注册监听器以监听首选混音器属性的更改，以及使用 AudioMixerAttributes 类配置混音器属性。此类表示音频混音器的格式，例如声道掩码、采样率和行为。该类允许直接发送音频，而无需混音、调节音量或处理效果。

डेवलपर की प्रॉडक्टिविटी और टूल

Credential Manager

Android 14 में, Credential Manager को प्लैटफ़ॉर्म एपीआई के तौर पर जोड़ा गया है. साथ ही, Google Play services का इस्तेमाल करके Jetpack लाइब्रेरी के ज़रिए, Android 4.4 (एपीआई लेवल 19) डिवाइसों के लिए अतिरिक्त सहायता भी जोड़ी गई है. Credential Manager का मकसद, उपयोगकर्ताओं के लिए साइन इन करने की प्रोसेस को आसान बनाना है. इसके लिए, यह एपीआई का इस्तेमाल करता है. ये एपीआई, उपयोगकर्ता के कॉन्फ़िगर किए गए क्रेडेंशियल प्रोवाइडर की मदद से क्रेडेंशियल हासिल और सेव करते हैं. Credential Manager, एक ही एपीआई में साइन इन करने के कई तरीकों के साथ काम करता है. जैसे, उपयोगकर्ता नाम और पासवर्ड, पासकी, और फ़ेडरेटेड साइन-इन के समाधान (जैसे, 'Google से साइन इन करें').

पासकी के कई फ़ायदे हैं. उदाहरण के लिए, पासकी इंडस्ट्री स्टैंडर्ड के हिसाब से बनाई गई हैं. ये अलग-अलग ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम और ब्राउज़र ईकोसिस्टम पर काम करती हैं. साथ ही, वेबसाइटों और ऐप्लिकेशन, दोनों के लिए इस्तेमाल की जा सकती हैं.

ज़्यादा जानकारी के लिए, क्रेडेंशियल मैनेजर और पासकी के दस्तावेज़ और क्रेडेंशियल मैनेजर और पासकी के बारे में ब्लॉग पोस्ट देखें.

Health Connect

Health Connect is an on-device repository for user health and fitness data. It allows users to share data between their favorite apps, with a single place to control what data they want to share with these apps.

On devices running Android versions prior to Android 14, Health Connect is available to download as an app on the Google Play store. Starting with Android 14, Health Connect is part of the platform and receives updates through Google Play system updates without requiring a separate download. With this, Health Connect can be updated frequently, and your apps can rely on Health Connect being available on devices running Android 14 or higher. Users can access Health Connect from the Settings in their device, with privacy controls integrated into the system settings.

Users can get started using Health Connect without a separate app download on devices running Android 14 or higher.
Users can control which apps have access to their health and fitness data through system settings.

Health Connect includes several new features in Android 14, such as exercise routes, allowing users to share a route of their workout which can be visualized on a map. A route is defined as a list of locations saved within a window of time, and your app can insert routes into exercise sessions, tying them together. To ensure that users have complete control over this sensitive data, users must allow sharing individual routes with other apps.

For more information, see the Health Connection documentation and the blogpost on What's new in Android Health.

OpenJDK 17 के अपडेट

Android 14 将继续更新 Android 的核心库，以与最新 OpenJDK LTS 版本中的功能保持一致，包括适合应用和平台开发者的库更新和 Java 17 语言支持。

其中包含以下功能和改进：

  • 将大约 300 个 java.base 类更新为支持 Java 17。
  • 文本块 - 为 Java 编程语言引入了多行字符串字面量。
  • instanceof 模式匹配：可让对象在 instanceof 中被视为具有特定类型，而无需任何额外的变量。
  • 密封类：允许您限制哪些类和接口可以扩展或实现它们。

得益于 Google Play 系统更新 (Project Mainline)，6 亿多台设备能够接收包含这些更改的最新 Android 运行时 (ART) 更新。我们致力于为应用提供更加一致、安全的跨设备环境，并为用户提供独立于平台版本的新功能。

Java 和 OpenJDK 是 Oracle 及/或其关联公司的商标或注册商标。

ऐप्लिकेशन स्टोर के लिए सुधार

Android 14 introduces several PackageInstaller APIs that allow app stores to improve their user experience.

Request install approval before downloading

Installing or updating an app might require user approval. For example, when an installer making use of the REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES permission attempts to install a new app. In prior Android versions, app stores can only request user approval after APKs are written to the install session and the session is committed.

Starting with Android 14, the requestUserPreapproval() method lets installers request user approval before committing the install session. This improvement lets an app store defer downloading any APKs until after the installation has been approved by the user. Furthermore, once a user has approved installation, the app store can download and install the app in the background without interrupting the user.

Claim responsibility for future updates

The setRequestUpdateOwnership() method allows an installer to indicate to the system that it intends to be responsible for future updates to an app it is installing. This capability enables update ownership enforcement, meaning that only the update owner is permitted to install automatic updates to the app. Update ownership enforcement helps to ensure that users receive updates only from the expected app store.

Any other installer, including those making use of the INSTALL_PACKAGES permission, must receive explicit user approval in order to install an update. If a user decides to proceed with an update from another source, update ownership is lost.

Update apps at less-disruptive times

App stores typically want to avoid updating an app that is actively in use because this leads to the app's running processes being killed, which potentially interrupts what the user was doing.

Starting with Android 14, the InstallConstraints API gives installers a way to ensure that their app updates happen at an opportune moment. For example, an app store can call the commitSessionAfterInstallConstraintsAreMet() method to make sure that an update is only committed when the user is no longer interacting with the app in question.

Seamlessly install optional splits

With split APKs, features of an app can be delivered in separate APK files, rather than as a monolithic APK. Split APKs allow app stores to optimize the delivery of different app components. For example, app stores might optimize based on the properties of the target device. The PackageInstaller API has supported splits since its introduction in API level 22.

In Android 14, the setDontKillApp() method allows an installer to indicate that the app's running processes shouldn't be killed when new splits are installed. App stores can use this feature to seamlessly install new features of an app while the user is using the app.

ऐप्लिकेशन के मेटाडेटा बंडल

Starting in Android 14, the Android package installer lets you specify app metadata, such as data safety practices, to include on app store pages such as Google Play.

यह पता लगाना कि उपयोगकर्ता डिवाइस के स्क्रीनशॉट कब लेते हैं

To create a more standardized experience for detecting screenshots, Android 14 introduces a privacy-preserving screenshot detection API. This API lets apps register callbacks on a per-activity basis. These callbacks are invoked, and the user is notified, when the user takes a screenshot while that activity is visible.

उपयोगकर्ता अनुभव

शेयरशीट में कस्टम कार्रवाइयां और बेहतर रैंकिंग

Android 14 में सिस्टम की शेयरशीट को अपडेट किया गया है, ताकि उपयोगकर्ताओं को कस्टम ऐप्लिकेशन ऐक्शन और ज़्यादा जानकारी देने वाली झलक के नतीजे दिखाए जा सकें.

कस्टम ऐक्शन जोड़ना

Android 14 में, आपका ऐप्लिकेशन सिस्टम शेयरशीट में कस्टम ऐक्शन जोड़ सकता है.

शेयरशीट पर कस्टम कार्रवाइयों का स्क्रीनशॉट.

डायरेक्ट शेयर टारगेट की रैंकिंग को बेहतर बनाना

Android 14, डायरेक्ट शेयर टारगेट की रैंकिंग तय करने के लिए, ऐप्लिकेशन से ज़्यादा सिग्नल का इस्तेमाल करता है. इससे उपयोगकर्ता को ज़्यादा मददगार नतीजे मिलते हैं. रैंकिंग के लिए सबसे काम का सिग्नल देने के लिए, डायरेक्ट शेयर टारगेट की रैंकिंग को बेहतर बनाने के लिए दिए गए दिशा-निर्देशों का पालन करें. कम्यूनिकेशन ऐप्लिकेशन, भेजे और पाए गए मैसेज के लिए, शॉर्टकट के इस्तेमाल की रिपोर्ट भी कर सकते हैं.

शेयरशीट में डायरेक्ट शेयर करने की लाइन, जैसा कि 1
से दिखाया गया है

प्रिडिक्टिव बैक के लिए, पहले से मौजूद और कस्टम ऐनिमेशन इस्तेमाल करने की सुविधा

视频：预测性返回动画

Android 13 在开发者选项背后引入了预测性“返回主屏幕”动画。在已启用开发者选项的受支持应用中使用时，滑回手势会显示动画，表明返回手势会使应用退回到主屏幕。

Android 14 包含针对“预测性返回”的多项改进和新指南：

在此 Android 14 预览版中，所有预测性返回功能都是位于开发者选项背后。请参阅与将您的应用迁移到预测性返回有关的开发者指南，以及与创建自定义应用内转换有关的开发者指南。

बड़ी स्क्रीन वाले डिवाइस बनाने वाली कंपनी के हिसाब से, हर ऐप्लिकेशन के लिए सेटिंग में बदलाव करने की सुविधा

Per-app overrides enable device manufacturers to change the behavior of apps on large screen devices. For example, the FORCE_RESIZE_APP override instructs the system to resize the app to fit display dimensions (avoiding size compatibility mode) even if resizeableActivity="false" is set in the app manifest.

Overrides are intended to improve the user experience on large screens.

New manifest properties enable you to disable some device manufacturer overrides for your app.

बड़ी स्क्रीन वाले डिवाइस पर, हर ऐप्लिकेशन के लिए सेटिंग में बदलाव करने की सुविधा

按应用替换项会更改应用在大屏设备上的行为。例如，无论应用的配置如何，OVERRIDE_MIN_ASPECT_RATIO_LARGE 设备制造商替换项都会将应用宽高比设置为 16:9。

借助 Android 14 QPR1，用户可以在大屏设备上通过新的设置菜单应用按应用替换项。

ऐप्लिकेशन की स्क्रीन शेयर करने की सुविधा

App screen sharing enables users to share an app window instead of the entire device screen during screen content recording.

With app screen sharing, the status bar, navigation bar, notifications, and other system UI elements are excluded from the shared display. Only the content of the selected app is shared.

App screen sharing improves productivity and privacy by enabling users to run multiple apps but limit content sharing to a single app.

Pixel 8 Pro पर Gboard में एलएलएम की मदद से काम करने वाली स्मार्ट जवाब की सुविधा

On Pixel 8 Pro devices with the December Feature Drop, developers can try out higher-quality smart replies in Gboard powered by on-device Large Language Models (LLMs) running on Google Tensor.

This feature is available as a limited preview for US English in WhatsApp, Line, and KakaoTalk. It requires using a Pixel 8 Pro device with Gboard as your keyboard.

To try it out, first enable the feature in Settings > Developer Options > AiCore Settings > Enable Aicore Persistent.

Next, open a conversation in a supported app to see LLM-powered Smart Reply in Gboard's suggestion strip in response to incoming messages.

Gboard utilizes on-device LLMs to provide higher-quality smart replies.

ग्राफ़िक्स

पाथ के बारे में क्वेरी की जा सकती है और उन्हें इंटरपोलेट किया जा सकता है

Android's Path API is a powerful and flexible mechanism for creating and rendering vector graphics, with the ability to stroke or fill a path, construct a path from line segments or quadratic or cubic curves, perform boolean operations to get even more complex shapes, or all of these simultaneously. One limitation is the ability to find out what is actually in a Path object; the internals of the object are opaque to callers after creation.

To create a Path, you call methods such as moveTo(), lineTo(), and cubicTo() to add path segments. But there has been no way to ask that path what the segments are, so you must retain that information at creation time.

Starting in Android 14, you can query paths to find out what's inside of them. First, you need to get a PathIterator object using the Path.getPathIterator API:

Kotlin

val path = Path().apply {
    moveTo(1.0f, 1.0f)
    lineTo(2.0f, 2.0f)
    close()
}
val pathIterator = path.pathIterator

Java

Path path = new Path();
path.moveTo(1.0F, 1.0F);
path.lineTo(2.0F, 2.0F);
path.close();
PathIterator pathIterator = path.getPathIterator();

Next, you can call PathIterator to iterate through the segments one by one, retrieving all of the necessary data for each segment. This example uses PathIterator.Segment objects, which packages up the data for you:

Kotlin

for (segment in pathIterator) {
    println("segment: ${segment.verb}, ${segment.points}")
}

Java

while (pathIterator.hasNext()) {
    PathIterator.Segment segment = pathIterator.next();
    Log.i(LOG_TAG, "segment: " + segment.getVerb() + ", " + segment.getPoints());
}

PathIterator also has a non-allocating version of next() where you can pass in a buffer to hold the point data.

One of the important use cases of querying Path data is interpolation. For example, you might want to animate (or morph) between two different paths. To further simplify that use case, Android 14 also includes the interpolate() method on Path. Assuming the two paths have the same internal structure, the interpolate() method creates a new Path with that interpolated result. This example returns a path whose shape is halfway (a linear interpolation of .5) between path and otherPath:

Kotlin

val interpolatedResult = Path()
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, .5f, interpolatedResult)
}

Java

Path interpolatedResult = new Path();
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, 0.5F, interpolatedResult);
}

The Jetpack graphics-path library enables similar APIs for earlier versions of Android as well.

वर्टेक्स और फ़्रैगमेंट शेडर के साथ कस्टम मेश

Android has long supported drawing triangle meshes with custom shading, but the input mesh format has been limited to a few predefined attribute combinations. Android 14 adds support for custom meshes, which can be defined as triangles or triangle strips, and can, optionally, be indexed. These meshes are specified with custom attributes, vertex strides, varying, and vertex and fragment shaders written in AGSL.

The vertex shader defines the varyings, such as position and color, while the fragment shader can optionally define the color for the pixel, typically by using the varyings created by the vertex shader. If color is provided by the fragment shader, it is then blended with the current Paint color using the blend mode selected when drawing the mesh. Uniforms can be passed into the fragment and vertex shaders for additional flexibility.

Canvas के लिए हार्डवेयर बफ़र रेंडरर

协助使用 Android 的 Canvas API 通过 硬件加速至 HardwareBuffer、Android 14 引入了 HardwareBufferRenderer。如果您的用例涉及通过 SurfaceControl 与系统合成器通信以实现低延迟绘制，此 API 特别有用。