Mudanças de comportamento: todos os apps

A plataforma Android 15 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças de comportamento a seguir se aplicam a todos os apps quando executados no Android 15, independente da targetSdkVersion. Teste o app e modifique-o conforme necessário para oferecer suporte a essas mudanças, quando aplicável.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam apenas os apps destinados ao Android 15.

Principal recurso

O Android 15 modifica ou expande vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Mudanças no estado de pacotes interrompidos

软件包 FLAG_STOPPED 状态（用户可以通过在 AOSP build 中长按应用图标并选择“强制停止”来启用此状态）的用途一直是让应用保持在此状态，直到用户通过直接启动应用或间接与应用互动（通过 Sharesheet 或 widget、将应用选择为动态壁纸等）来明确将应用从此状态移除。在 Android 15 中，我们更新了系统行为，使其与此预期行为保持一致。应用应仅通过直接或间接的用户操作从停止状态移除。

为了支持预期行为，除了现有限制之外，当应用在搭载 Android 15 的设备上进入停止状态时，系统还会取消所有待处理 intent。当用户的操作将应用从停止状态移除时，系统会将 ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED 广播传送到应用，以便应用有机会重新注册所有待处理 intent。

您可以调用新的 ApplicationStartInfo.wasForceStopped() 方法来确认应用是否已进入停止状态。

Suporte a tamanhos de página de 16 KB

Android 过去仅支持 4 KB 内存页面大小， 优化了系统内存性能，以针对 Android 设备通常具备的功能。从 Android 15 开始，AOSP 支持 配置为使用 16 KB (16 KB) 页面大小的设备 设备）。如果您的应用使用任何 NDK 库，请直接使用 或者通过 SDK 间接创建，那么，您需要重新构建自己的应用 支持这些 16KB 设备。

随着设备制造商不断打造出 物理内存 (RAM)，许多此类设备都会采用 16KB（以及 页面大小以优化设备的性能。正在添加 支持 16 KB 页面大小的设备，可使您的应用在这些设备上运行 并有助于您的应用从相关的广告效果中获益 改进。如果不重新编译，应用可能无法在 16KB 设备上运行 在未来的 Android 版本中正式推出。

为帮助您为应用添加支持，我们提供了有关如何检查 如果您的应用受到影响 重新构建您的应用（如果适用），以及如何在 Google Play 中 使用模拟器（包括 Android 15）的 16 KB 环境 系统映像）。

优势和性能提升

配置为使用 16 KB 页面大小的设备平均会使用略多一些的内存，但系统和应用的性能也会得到各种提升：

  • 缩短了系统内存压力时的应用启动时间：平均降低了 3.16%；对于我们测试的某些应用而言，改进幅度更大（最高可达 30%）
  • 应用启动期间的功耗降低：平均降低了 4.56%
  • 相机启动更快：热启动速度平均提高了 4.48%，冷启动速度平均提高了 6.60%
  • 缩短了系统启动时间：平均缩短了 8%（约 950 毫秒）

这些改进基于我们的初始测试，实际设备上的结果可能会有所不同。随着测试的继续进行，我们将进一步分析应用的潜在收益。

检查您的应用是否受到影响

如果您的应用使用了任何原生代码，则应重新构建应用以支持 16 KB 设备。如果您不确定自己的应用是否使用了原生代码，可以使用 APK 分析器确定是否存在任何原生代码，然后检查您找到的任何共享库的 ELF 段对齐情况。

如果您的应用仅使用以 Java 或 Kotlin 编程语言编写的代码（包括所有库或 SDK），则该应用已经支持 16 KB 设备。不过，我们建议您在 16 KB 环境中测试应用，以验证应用行为是否没有意外回归。

Mudanças necessárias para que alguns apps ofereçam suporte ao espaço particular

Private space is a new feature in Android 15 that lets users create a separate space on their device where they can keep sensitive apps away from prying eyes, under an additional layer of authentication. Because apps in the private space have restricted visibility, some types of apps need to take additional steps to be able to see and interact with apps in a user's private space.

All apps

Because apps in the private space are kept in a separate user profile, similar to work profiles, apps shouldn't assume that any installed copies of their app that aren't in the main profile are in the work profile. If your app has logic related to work profile apps that make this assumption, you'll need to adjust this logic.

Medical apps

When a user locks the private space, all apps in the private space are stopped, and those apps can't perform foreground or background activities, including showing notifications. This behavior might critically impact the use and function of medical apps installed in the private space.

The private space setup experience warns users that the private space is not suitable for apps that need to perform critical foreground or background activities, such as showing notifications from medical apps. However, apps can't determine whether or not they're being used in the private space, so they can't show a warning to the user for this case.

For these reasons, if you develop a medical app, review how this feature might impact your app and take appropriate actions—such as informing your users not to install your app in the private space—to avoid disrupting critical app capabilities.

Launcher apps

If you develop a launcher app, you must do the following before apps in the private space will be visible:

  1. Your app must be assigned as the default launcher app for the device—that is, possessing the ROLE_HOME role.
  2. Your app must declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES normal permission in your app's manifest file.

Launcher apps that declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES permission must handle the following private space use cases:

  1. Your app must have a separate launcher container for apps installed in the private space. Use the getLauncherUserInfo() method to determine which type of user profile is being handled.
  2. The user must be able to hide and show the private space container.
  3. The user must be able to lock and unlock the private space container. Use the requestQuietModeEnabled() method to lock (by passing true) or unlock (by passing false) the private space.

  4. While locked, no apps in the private space container should be visible or discoverable through mechanisms such as search. Your app should register a receiver for the ACTION_PROFILE_AVAILABLE and ACTION_PROFILE_UNAVAILABLE broadcasts and update the UI in your app when the locked or unlocked state of the private space container changes. Both of these broadcasts include EXTRA_USER, which your app can use to refer to the private profile user.

    You can also use the isQuietModeEnabled() method to check whether the private space profile is locked or not.

App store apps

The private space includes an "Install Apps" button that launches an implicit intent to install apps into the user's private space. In order for your app to receive this implicit intent, declare an <intent-filter> in your app's manifest file with a <category> of CATEGORY_APP_MARKET.

A fonte de emoji baseada em PNG foi removida

The legacy, PNG-based emoji font file (NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf) has been removed, leaving just the vector-based file. Beginning with Android 13 (API level 33), the emoji font file used by the system emoji renderer changed from a PNG-based file to a vector based file. The system retained the legacy font file in Android 13 and 14 for compatibility reasons, so that apps with their own font renderers could continue to use the legacy font file until they were able to upgrade.

To check if your app is affected, search your app's code for references to the NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf file.

You can choose to adapt your app in a number of ways:

  • Use platform APIs for text rendering. You can render text to a bitmap-backed Canvas and use that to get a raw image if necessary.
  • Add COLRv1 font support to your app. The FreeType open source library supports COLRv1 in version 2.13.0 and higher.
  • As a last resort, you can bundle the legacy emoji font file (NotoColorEmoji.ttf) into your APK, although in that case your app will be missing the latest emoji updates. For more information, see the Noto Emoji GitHub project page.

Aumento da versão mínima do SDK de destino de 23 para 24

Android 15 builds on the the changes that were made in Android 14 and extends this security further. In Android 15, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet modern API levels helps to ensure better security and privacy.

Malware often targets lower API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in higher Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 15 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level results in an installation failure, with a message like the following one appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 24, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 15, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Segurança e privacidade

Android 15 introduces robust measures to combat one-time passcode (OTP) fraud and to protect the user's sensitive content, focusing on hardening the Notification Listener Service and screenshare protections. Key enhancements include redacting OTPs from notifications accessible to untrusted apps, hiding notifications during screenshare, and securing app activities when OTPs are posted. These changes aim to keep the user's sensitive content safe from unauthorized actors.

Developers need to be aware of the following to ensure their apps are compatible with the changes in Android 15:

OTP Redaction

Android will stop untrusted apps that implement a NotificationListenerService from reading unredacted content from notifications where an OTP has been detected. Trusted apps such as companion device manager associations are exempt from these restrictions.

Screenshare Protection

  • Notification content is hidden during screen sharing sessions to preserve the user's privacy. If the app implements setPublicVersion(), Android shows the public version of the notification which serves as a replacement notification in insecure contexts. Otherwise, the notification content is redacted without any further context.
  • Sensitive content like password input is hidden from remote viewers to prevent revealing the user's sensitive information.
  • Activities from apps that post notifications during screenshare where an OTP has been detected will be hidden. App content is hidden from the remote viewer when launched.
  • Beyond Android's automatic identification of sensitive fields, developers can manually mark parts of their app as sensitive using setContentSensitivity, which is hidden from remote viewers during screenshare.
  • Developers can choose to toggle the Disable screen share protections option under Developer Options to be exempted from the screenshare protections for demo or testing purposes. The default system screen recorder is exempted from these changes, since the recordings remain on-device.

Câmera e mídia

O Android 15 faz as seguintes mudanças no comportamento da câmera e da mídia para todos os apps.

A reprodução de áudio direto e de transferência invalida as faixas de áudio direto ou de transferência abertas anteriormente quando os limites de recursos são atingidos

在 Android 15 之前，如果某个应用在另一个应用播放音频且达到资源限制时请求直接或分流音频播放，该应用将无法打开新的 AudioTrack。

从 Android 15 开始，当应用请求直接播放或分流播放且达到资源限制时，系统会使任何当前打开的 AudioTrack 对象失效，以防止执行新轨道请求。

（直接音轨和分流音轨通常会打开，以播放压缩音频格式。播放直接音频的常见用例包括通过 HDMI 将编码的音频流式传输到电视。分流轨道通常用于在具有硬件 DSP 加速的移动设备上播放压缩音频。）

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 15 inclui algumas mudanças que têm como objetivo criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

Animações de volta preditiva ativadas para apps que ativaram a opção

Beginning in Android 15, the developer option for predictive back animations has been removed. System animations such as back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity now appear for apps that have opted in to the predictive back gesture either entirely or at an activity level. If your app is affected, take the following actions:

  • Ensure that your app has been properly migrated to use the predictive back gesture.
  • Ensure that your fragment transitions work with predictive back navigation.
  • Migrate away from animation and framework transitions and use animator and androidx transitions instead.
  • Migrate away from back stacks that FragmentManager doesn't know about. Use back stacks managed by FragmentManager or by the Navigation component instead.

Widgets desativados quando o usuário interrompe um app

If a user force-stops an app on a device running Android 15, the system temporarily disables all the app's widgets. The widgets are grayed out, and the user cannot interact with them. This is because beginning with Android 15, the system cancels all an app's pending intents when the app is force-stopped.

The system re-enables those widgets the next time the user launches the app.

For more information, see Changes to package stopped state.

O ícone da barra de status da projeção de mídia alerta os usuários sobre o compartilhamento, a transmissão e a gravação de tela

屏幕投影漏洞会泄露用户的私密数据（例如财务信息），因为用户不知道自己的设备屏幕正在共享。

对于搭载 Android 15 QPR1 或更高版本的设备上运行的应用，系统会在状态栏中显示一个醒目的大条状标签，以提醒用户正在进行的任何屏幕投影。用户可以点按该条状标签，停止共享、投放或录制其屏幕。此外，当设备屏幕锁定时，屏幕投影会自动停止。

Bloco da barra de status para compartilhamento de tela, transmissão e gravação.

Check if your app is impacted

By default, your app includes the status bar chip and automatically suspends screen projection when the lock screen activates.

To learn more about how to test your app for these use cases, see Status bar chip and auto stop.

Restrições de acesso à rede em segundo plano

No Android 15, os apps que iniciam uma solicitação de rede fora de um ciclo de vida de processo válido recebem uma exceção. Normalmente, um UnknownHostException ou outro IOException relacionado ao soquete. As solicitações de rede que acontecem fora de um ciclo de vida válido geralmente são devido a apps que continuam uma solicitação de rede sem saber, mesmo depois que o app não está mais ativo.

Para reduzir essa exceção, use componentes com reconhecimento de ciclo de vida para garantir que as solicitações de rede tenham reconhecimento de ciclo de vida e sejam canceladas ao sair de um ciclo de vida de processo válido. Se for importante que a solicitação de rede aconteça mesmo quando o usuário sair do aplicativo, programe a solicitação de rede usando o WorkManager ou continue uma tarefa visível para o usuário usando o Serviço em primeiro plano.

Suspensões de uso

A cada versão, algumas APIs específicas do Android podem se tornar obsoletas ou precisar ser refatoradas para fornecer uma melhor experiência aos desenvolvedores ou oferecer compatibilidade com as novas funcionalidades da plataforma. Nesses casos, descontinuamos oficialmente as APIs obsoletas e direcionamos os desenvolvedores para usar APIs alternativas.

Descontinuação significa que encerramos o suporte oficial para as APIs, mas elas continuarão disponíveis para os desenvolvedores. Para saber mais sobre as descontinuações importantes nesta versão do Android, consulte a página descontinuações.