Davranış değişiklikleri: Android 14 veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalar

Android 14, önceki sürümlerde olduğu gibi uygulamanızı etkileyebilecek davranış değişiklikleri içerir. Aşağıdaki davranış değişiklikleri yalnızca Android 14'ü (API düzeyi 34) veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalar için geçerlidir. Uygulamanız Android 14 veya sonraki sürümleri hedefliyorsa geçerli durumlarda bu davranışları düzgün şekilde destekleyecek şekilde değiştirmeniz gerekir.

Uygulamanın targetSdkVersion'sinden bağımsız olarak Android 14'te çalışan tüm uygulamaları etkileyen davranış değişiklikleri listesini de incelemeyi unutmayın.

Temel işlevler

Ön plan hizmeti türleri zorunludur

如果您的应用以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台，则必须为应用中的每个前台服务至少指定一项前台服务类型。您应选择一个能代表应用用例的前台服务类型。系统需要特定类型的前台服务满足特定用例。

注意：Android 14 针对运行状况和远程消息传递用例引入了前台服务类型。系统还为简短服务、特殊用例和系统豁免保留新的类型。

如果应用中的用例与这些类型均不相关，强烈建议您迁移逻辑以使用 WorkManager 或用户发起的数据传输作业。

BluetoothAdapter'da BLUETOOTH_CONNECT izninin zorunlu kılınması

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，在调用 BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() 方法时，Android 14 会强制执行 BLUETOOTH_CONNECT 权限。

此方法已需要 BLUETOOTH_CONNECT 权限，但未强制执行。确保您的应用在应用的 AndroidManifest.xml 文件中声明 BLUETOOTH_CONNECT，如以下代码段所示，并在调用 getProfileConnectionState 之前检查用户是否已授予相应权限。

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

OpenJDK 17 güncellemeleri

Android 14 将继续更新 Android 的核心库，以与最新 OpenJDK LTS 版本中的功能保持一致，包括适合应用和平台开发者的库更新和 Java 17 语言支持。

以下变更可能会影响应用兼容性：

• 对正则表达式的更改：现在，为了更严格地遵循 OpenJDK 的语义，不允许无效的组引用。您可能会看到 java.util.regex.Matcher 类抛出 IllegalArgumentException 的新情况，因此请务必测试应用中使用正则表达式的情形。如需在测试期间启用或停用此变更，请使用兼容性框架工具切换 DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE 标志。
• UUID 处理：现在，验证输入参数时，java.util.UUID.fromString() 方法会执行更严格的检查，因此您可能会在反序列化期间看到 IllegalArgumentException。如需在测试期间启用或停用此变更，请使用兼容性框架工具切换 ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION 标志。
• ProGuard 问题：有时，在您尝试使用 ProGuard 缩减、混淆和优化应用时，添加 java.lang.ClassValue 类会导致问题。问题源自 Kotlin 库，该库会根据 Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") 是否会返回类更改运行时行为。如果您的应用是根据没有 java.lang.ClassValue 类的旧版运行时开发的，则这些优化可能会将 computeValue 方法从派生自 java.lang.ClassValue 的类中移除。

JobScheduler, geri çağırma ve ağ davranışını güçlendirir

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

Tiles launch API

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

Gizlilik

Fotoğraflara ve videolara kısmi erişim

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

Kullanıcı deneyimi

Güvenli tam ekran intent bildirimleri

Android 11 (API düzeyi 30) ile birlikte, telefon kilitliyken tam ekran intent'ler göndermek için tüm uygulamaların Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent kullanması mümkündü. AndroidManifest dosyasında USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT iznini belirterek bu izni uygulama yüklenirken otomatik olarak verebilirsiniz.

Tam ekran intent bildirimleri, kullanıcının hemen ilgilenmesini gerektiren son derece yüksek öncelikli bildirimler (ör. gelen telefon araması veya kullanıcı tarafından yapılandırılmış alarm saati ayarları) için tasarlanmıştır. Android 14 (API düzeyi 34) veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalarda bu iznin kullanılmasına izin verilen uygulamalar yalnızca arama ve alarm sağlayan uygulamalarla sınırlıdır. Google Play Store, bu profile uymayan uygulamaların varsayılan USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT izinlerini iptal eder. Bu politika değişikliklerinin son tarihi 31 Mayıs 2024'tür.

Bu izin, kullanıcı Android 14'e güncellemeden önce telefona yüklenen uygulamalarda etkin kalır. Kullanıcılar bu izni etkinleştirip devre dışı bırakabilir.

Uygulamanızın izin alıp almadığını kontrol etmek için yeni API'yi NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent kullanabilirsiniz. İzin yoksa uygulamanız, kullanıcıların izni verebileceği ayarlar sayfasını başlatmak için yeni intent'i ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT kullanabilir.

Güvenlik

Örtülü ve bekleyen amaçlarla ilgili kısıtlamalar

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

• Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
• If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Çalışma zamanında kaydedilen yayın alıcılar, dışa aktarma davranışını belirtmelidir

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

Daha güvenli dinamik kod yükleme

如果您的应用以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台并使用动态代码 正在加载 (DCL)，所有动态加载的文件都必须标记为只读。 否则，系统会抛出异常。我们建议应用尽可能避免动态加载代码，因为这样做会大大增加应用因代码注入或代码篡改而遭到入侵的风险。

如果必须动态加载代码，请使用以下方法，在动态文件（例如 DEX、JAR 或 APK 文件）打开并写入任何内容之前立即将其设为只读：

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

处理已存在的动态加载文件

为防止系统对现有动态加载的文件抛出异常，我们建议您先删除并重新创建文件，然后再尝试在应用中重新动态加载这些文件。重新创建文件时，请按照上述指南在写入时将文件标记为只读。或者，您可以将现有文件重新标记为只读，但在这种情况下，我们强烈建议您先验证文件的完整性（例如，对照可信值检查文件的签名）以保护应用免遭恶意操作的影响。

Arka planda etkinlik başlatmayla ilgili ek kısıtlamalar

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

• When an app sends a PendingIntent using PendingIntent#send() or similar methods, the app must opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to start the pending intent. To opt in, the app should pass an ActivityOptions bundle with setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED).
• When a visible app binds a service of another app that's in the background using the bindService() method, the visible app must now opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to the bound service. To opt in, the app should include the BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS flag when calling the bindService() method.

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Zip path traversal

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，Android 会通过以下方式防止 Zip 路径遍历漏洞：如果 Zip 文件条目名称包含“..”或以“/”开头，ZipFile(String) 和 ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() 会抛出 ZipException。

应用可以通过调用 dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback() 选择停用此验证。

Her MediaProjection yakalama oturumu için kullanıcı izni gerekir

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，在以下任一情况下，MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 都会抛出 SecurityException：

• 您的应用会缓存从 MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent 返回的 Intent，并多次将其传递给 MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection。
• 您的应用在同一 MediaProjection 实例上多次调用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay。

您的应用必须在每次捕获会话之前征求用户同意。单次捕获会话是对 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 的单次调用，并且每个 MediaProjection 实例只能使用一次。

处理配置变更

如果您的应用需要调用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 来处理配置更改（例如屏幕方向或屏幕大小更改），您可以按照以下步骤更新现有 MediaProjection 实例的 VirtualDisplay：

1. 使用新的宽度和高度调用 VirtualDisplay#resize。
2. 向 VirtualDisplay#setSurface 提供新的 Surface，并为其指定新的宽度和高度。

注册回调

您的应用应注册回调，以处理用户不同意继续拍摄会话的情况。为此，请实现 Callback#onStop，并让应用释放所有相关资源（例如 VirtualDisplay 和 Surface）。

如果您的应用未注册此回调，当您的应用调用它时，MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 会抛出 IllegalStateException。

SDK olmayan arayüzlerle ilgili güncellenen kısıtlamalar

Android 14 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 14, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while you can currently use some non-SDK interfaces (depending on your app's target API level), using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you cannot find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

如需详细了解此 Android 版本中的变更，请参阅 Android 14 中有关限制非 SDK 接口的更新。如需全面了解有关非 SDK 接口的详细信息，请参阅对非 SDK 接口的限制。