Mudanças de comportamento: apps destinados ao Android 14 ou mais recente

Como as versões anteriores, o Android 14 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar o app. As mudanças de comportamento abaixo se aplicam exclusivamente a apps destinados ao Android 14 (nível 34 da API) ou versões mais recentes. Caso seu app seja direcionado ao Android 14 ou a versões mais recentes, faça modificações para oferecer suporte a esses comportamentos de forma adequada, quando aplicável.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam todos os apps executados no Android 14, independente da targetSdkVersion do app.

Principal recurso

Os tipos de serviço em primeiro plano são obrigatórios

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

Note: Android 14 introduces foreground service types for health and remote messaging use cases. The system also reserves new types for short services, special use cases, and system exemptions.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

Aplicação da permissão BLUETOOTH_CONNECT no BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

Atualizações do OpenJDK 17

Android 14 将继续更新 Android 的核心库，以与最新 OpenJDK LTS 版本中的功能保持一致，包括适合应用和平台开发者的库更新和 Java 17 语言支持。

以下变更可能会影响应用兼容性：

• 对正则表达式的更改：现在，为了更严格地遵循 OpenJDK 的语义，不允许无效的组引用。您可能会看到 java.util.regex.Matcher 类抛出 IllegalArgumentException 的新情况，因此请务必测试应用中使用正则表达式的情形。如需在测试期间启用或停用此变更，请使用兼容性框架工具切换 DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE 标志。
• UUID 处理：现在，验证输入参数时，java.util.UUID.fromString() 方法会执行更严格的检查，因此您可能会在反序列化期间看到 IllegalArgumentException。如需在测试期间启用或停用此变更，请使用兼容性框架工具切换 ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION 标志。
• ProGuard 问题：有时，在您尝试使用 ProGuard 缩减、混淆和优化应用时，添加 java.lang.ClassValue 类会导致问题。问题源自 Kotlin 库，该库会根据 Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") 是否会返回类更改运行时行为。如果您的应用是根据没有 java.lang.ClassValue 类的旧版运行时开发的，则这些优化可能会将 computeValue 方法从派生自 java.lang.ClassValue 的类中移除。

O JobScheduler reforça o callback e o comportamento da rede

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

API de inicialização de blocos

对于以 Android 14 及更高版本为目标平台的应用， TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) 已弃用，现在会抛出 调用时抛出异常。如果您的应用从功能块启动 activity，请使用 TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent)。

Privacidade

Acesso parcial a fotos e vídeos

Android 14 引入了所选照片访问权限，可让用户授权应用访问其媒体库中的特定图片和视频，而不是授予对指定类型的所有媒体的访问权限。

仅当您的应用以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台时，才会启用此变更。如果您还没有使用照片选择器，建议您在应用中实现该选择器，以便在选择图片和视频时提供一致的体验，同时还可以加强用户隐私保护，而无需请求任何存储权限。

如果您使用存储权限维护自己的图库选择器，并且需要完全控制您的实现，请调整您的实现，以使用新的 READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED 权限。如果您的应用不使用新权限，系统会在兼容模式下运行应用。

Experiência do usuário

Notificações seguras de intent de tela cheia

在 Android 11（API 级别 30）中，任何应用都可以在手机处于锁定状态时使用 Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent 发送全屏 intent。您可以通过在 AndroidManifest 中声明 USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 权限，在应用安装时自动授予此权限。

全屏 intent 通知适用于需要用户立即注意的极高优先级通知，例如用户来电或用户配置的闹钟设置。对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，获准使用此权限的应用仅限于提供通话和闹钟的应用。对于不适合此资料的任何应用，Google Play 商店会撤消其默认的 USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 权限。这些政策变更的截止日期为 2024 年 5 月 31 日。

在用户更新到 Android 14 之前，在手机上安装的应用仍拥有此权限。用户可以开启和关闭此权限。

您可以使用新 API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent 检查应用是否具有该权限；如果没有，应用可以使用新 intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 启动设置页面，在该页面中，用户可以授予权限。

Segurança

Restrições a intents implícitas e pendentes

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

• Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
• If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Os broadcast receivers registrados no ambiente de execução precisam especificar o comportamento de exportação

以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台并使用上下文注册的接收器的应用和服务必须指定一个标志，以指明接收器是否应导出到设备上的所有其他应用：分别为 RECEIVER_EXPORTED 或 RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED。此要求有助于利用 Android 13 中引入的这些接收器的功能，保护应用免受安全漏洞的影响。

仅接收系统广播的接收器的例外情况

如果您的应用仅通过 Context#registerReceiver 方法（例如 Context#registerReceiver()）为系统广播注册接收器，那么在注册接收器时不应指定标志。

Carregamento mais seguro de código dinâmico

如果您的应用以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台，并且使用动态代码加载 (DCL) 功能，则必须将所有动态加载的文件标记为只读。否则，系统会抛出异常。我们建议应用尽可能避免动态加载代码，因为这样做会大大增加应用因代码注入或代码篡改而遭到入侵的风险。

如果必须动态加载代码，请使用以下方法，在动态文件（例如 DEX、JAR 或 APK 文件）打开并写入任何内容之前立即将其设为只读：

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

处理已存在的动态加载文件

为防止系统对现有动态加载的文件抛出异常，我们建议您先删除并重新创建文件，然后再尝试在应用中重新动态加载这些文件。重新创建文件时，请按照上述指南在写入时将文件标记为只读。或者，您可以将现有文件重新标记为只读，但在这种情况下，我们强烈建议您先验证文件的完整性（例如，对照可信值检查文件的签名）以保护应用免遭恶意操作的影响。

Mais restrições para o início de atividades em segundo plano

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，系统会进一步限制允许应用在后台启动 activity 的时间：

• 现在，当应用使用 PendingIntent#send() 或类似方法发送 PendingIntent 时，如果它想要授予自己的后台 activity 启动待处理 intent 的启动特权，则必须选择启用。如需选择启用，应用应通过 setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED) 传递 ActivityOptions 软件包。
• 当可见应用绑定了另一个后台应用的服务时 bindService() 方法，可见应用现在必须 如果它想要将自己的后台活动 绑定服务。要选择启用，应用应包含 BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS 标志，在调用 bindService() 方法。

这些更改扩大了一组现有限制条件的范围，目的是防止恶意应用滥用 API 以在后台启动干扰性活动，从而保护用户。

Travessia de caminhos de arquivo ZIP

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way: ZipFile(String) and ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() throws a ZipException if zip file entry names contain ".." or start with "/".

Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback().

O consentimento do usuário é necessário para cada sessão de captura da MediaProjection

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException is thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay in either of the following scenarios:

• Your app caches the Intent that is returned from MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent, and passes it multiple times to MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection.
• Your app invokes MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay multiple times on the same MediaProjection instance.

Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single capture session is a single invocation on MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, and each MediaProjection instance must be used only once.

Handle configuration changes

If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay to handle configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing), you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay for the existing MediaProjection instance:

1. Invoke VirtualDisplay#resize with the new width and height.
2. Provide a new Surface with the new width and height to VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Register a callback

Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement Callback#onStop and have your app release any related resources (such as the VirtualDisplay and Surface).

If your app doesn't register this callback, MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay throws an IllegalStateException when your app invokes it.

Atualização das restrições não SDK

O Android 14 inclui listas atualizadas de interfaces não SDK restritas com base na colaboração com desenvolvedores Android e nos testes internos mais recentes. Antes de restringirmos interfaces não SDK, sempre que possível, garantimos que haja alternativas públicas disponíveis.

Caso seu app não seja destinado ao Android 14, é possível que algumas dessas mudanças não afetem você imediatamente. No entanto, embora atualmente seja possível usar algumas interfaces não SDK (dependendo do nível da API de destino do app), o uso de qualquer método ou campo não SDK sempre apresenta um alto risco de corromper o app.

Se você não sabe se o app usa interfaces não SDK, é possível testá-lo para descobrir. Se ele depende de interfaces não SDK, planeje uma migração para alternativas SDK. No entanto, entendemos que alguns apps têm casos de uso válidos para interfaces não SDK. Se você não encontrar uma alternativa para deixar de usar uma interface não SDK em um recurso no app, solicite uma nova API pública.

如需详细了解此 Android 版本中的变更，请参阅 Android 14 中有关限制非 SDK 接口的更新。如需全面了解有关非 SDK 接口的详细信息，请参阅对非 SDK 接口的限制。