Mudanças de comportamento: todos os apps

A plataforma Android 15 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças a seguir se aplicam a todos os apps quando executados no Android 15, independente da targetSdkVersion. Teste o app e modifique-o conforme necessário para que ele ofereça suporte a essas mudanças.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam apenas os apps destinados ao Android 15.

Principal recurso

O Android 15 modifica ou expande vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Mudanças no estado parado do pacote

The intention of the package FLAG_STOPPED state (which users can engage in AOSP builds by long-pressing an app icon and selecting "Force Stop") has always been to keep apps in this state until the user explicitly removes the app from this state by directly launching the app or indirectly interacting with the app (through the sharesheet or a widget, selecting the app as live wallpaper, etc.). In Android 15, we've updated the behavior of the system to be aligned with this intended behavior. Apps should only be removed from the stopped state through direct or indirect user action.

To support the intended behavior, in addition to the existing restrictions, the system also cancels all pending intents when the app enters the stopped state on a device running Android 15. When the user's actions remove the app from the stopped state, the ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast is delivered to the app providing an opportunity to re-register any pending intents.

You can call the new ApplicationStartInfo.wasForceStopped() method to confirm whether the app was put into the stopped state.

Suporte a tamanhos de página de 16 KB

从历史上看，Android 仅支持 4 KB 内存页面大小，这优化了系统内存性能，以适应 Android 设备通常拥有的平均总内存量。从 Android 15 开始，AOSP 支持配置为使用 16 KB 页面大小的设备（16 KB 设备）。如果您的应用直接或通过 SDK 间接使用任何 NDK 库，则需要重新构建应用，才能在这些 16 KB 设备上运行。

随着设备制造商不断制造出具有更大物理内存 (RAM) 的设备，许多此类设备将采用 16 KB（最终甚至更大）的页面大小来优化设备性能。添加对 16 KB 页面大小设备的支持，可让您的应用在这些设备上运行，并帮助您的应用受益于相关的性能改进。如果不重新编译，应用将无法在未来 Android 版本的 16 KB 设备上运行。

为帮助您为应用添加支持，我们提供了相关指南，介绍了如何检查应用是否受到影响、如何重新构建应用（如果适用），以及如何使用模拟器（包括 Android 模拟器的 Android 15 系统映像）在 16 KB 环境中测试应用。

Benefits and performance gains

配置为使用 16 KB 页面大小的设备平均会使用略多一些的内存，但系统和应用的性能也会得到各种提升：

  • 缩短了系统内存压力时的应用启动时间：平均降低了 3.16%；对于我们测试的某些应用而言，改进幅度更大（最高可达 30%）
  • 应用启动期间的功耗降低：平均降低了 4.56%
  • 相机启动更快：热启动速度平均提高了 4.48%，冷启动速度平均提高了 6.60%
  • 缩短了系统启动时间：平均缩短了 8%（约 950 毫秒）

这些改进基于我们的初始测试，实际设备上的结果可能会有所不同。随着测试的继续进行，我们将进一步分析应用的潜在收益。

Check if your app is impacted

If your app uses any native code, then you should rebuild your app with support for 16 KB devices. If you are unsure if your app uses native code, you can use the APK Analyzer to identify whether any native code is present and then check the alignment of ELF segments for any shared libraries that you find. Android Studio also provides features that help you to automatically detect alignment issues.

If your app only uses code written in the Java programming language or in Kotlin, including all libraries or SDKs, then your app already supports 16 KB devices. Nevertheless, we recommend that you test your app in a 16 KB environment to verify that there are no unexpected regressions in app behavior.

Mudanças necessárias para alguns apps funcionarem no espaço privado

Private space is a new feature in Android 15 that lets users create a separate space on their device where they can keep sensitive apps away from prying eyes, under an additional layer of authentication. Because apps in the private space have restricted visibility, some types of apps need to take additional steps to be able to see and interact with apps in a user's private space.

All apps

Because apps in the private space are kept in a separate user profile, similar to work profiles, apps shouldn't assume that any installed copies of their app that aren't in the main profile are in the work profile. If your app has logic related to work profile apps that make this assumption, you'll need to adjust this logic.

Medical apps

When a user locks the private space, all apps in the private space are stopped, and those apps can't perform foreground or background activities, including showing notifications. This behavior might critically impact the use and function of medical apps installed in the private space.

The private space setup experience warns users that the private space is not suitable for apps that need to perform critical foreground or background activities, such as showing notifications from medical apps. However, apps can't determine whether or not they're being used in the private space, so they can't show a warning to the user for this case.

For these reasons, if you develop a medical app, review how this feature might impact your app and take appropriate actions—such as informing your users not to install your app in the private space—to avoid disrupting critical app capabilities.

Launcher apps

If you develop a launcher app, you must do the following before apps in the private space will be visible:

  1. Your app must be assigned as the default launcher app for the device—that is, possessing the ROLE_HOME role.
  2. Your app must declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES normal permission in your app's manifest file.

Launcher apps that declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES permission must handle the following private space use cases:

  1. Your app must have a separate launcher container for apps installed in the private space. Use the getLauncherUserInfo() method to determine which type of user profile is being handled.
  2. The user must be able to hide and show the private space container.
  3. The user must be able to lock and unlock the private space container. Use the requestQuietModeEnabled() method to lock (by passing true) or unlock (by passing false) the private space.

  4. While locked, no apps in the private space container should be visible or discoverable through mechanisms such as search. Your app should register a receiver for the ACTION_PROFILE_AVAILABLE and ACTION_PROFILE_UNAVAILABLE broadcasts and update the UI in your app when the locked or unlocked state of the private space container changes. Both of these broadcasts include EXTRA_USER, which your app can use to refer to the private profile user.

    You can also use the isQuietModeEnabled() method to check whether the private space profile is locked or not.

App store apps

The private space includes an "Install Apps" button that launches an implicit intent to install apps into the user's private space. In order for your app to receive this implicit intent, declare an <intent-filter> in your app's manifest file with a <category> of CATEGORY_APP_MARKET.

Fonte de emoji baseada em PNG removida

我们移除了基于 PNG 的旧版表情符号字体文件 (NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf)，只保留了基于矢量的文件。从 Android 13（API 级别 33）开始，系统表情符号渲染程序使用的表情符号字体文件已从基于 PNG 的文件更改为基于矢量的文件。出于兼容性原因，系统在 Android 13 和 14 中保留了旧版字体文件，以便具有自己的字体渲染程序的应用在能够升级之前继续使用旧版字体文件。

如需检查您的应用是否受到影响，请在应用的代码中搜索对 NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf 文件的引用。

您可以通过多种方式自适应应用：

  • 使用平台 API 进行文本渲染。您可以将文本渲染到基于位图的 Canvas，并在必要时使用该 Canvas 获取原始图片。
  • 为您的应用添加 COLRv1 字体支持。FreeType 开源库在 2.13.0 版及更高版本中支持 COLRv1。
  • 作为最后的手段，您可以将旧版表情符号字体文件 (NotoColorEmoji.ttf) 捆绑到 APK 中，但在这种情况下，您的应用将缺少最新的表情符号更新。如需了解详情，请参阅 Noto Emoji GitHub 项目页面。

Aumentamos a versão mínima do SDK de destino de 23 para 24.

Android 15 builds on the the changes that were made in Android 14 and extends this security further. In Android 15, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet modern API levels helps to ensure better security and privacy.

Malware often targets lower API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in higher Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 15 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level results in an installation failure, with a message like the following one appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 24, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 15, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Segurança e privacidade

Android 15 introduces robust measures to combat one-time passcode (OTP) fraud and to protect the user's sensitive content, focusing on hardening the Notification Listener Service and screenshare protections. Key enhancements include redacting OTPs from notifications accessible to untrusted apps, hiding notifications during screenshare, and securing app activities when OTPs are posted. These changes aim to keep the user's sensitive content safe from unauthorized actors.

Developers need to be aware of the following to ensure their apps are compatible with the changes in Android 15:

OTP Redaction

Android will stop untrusted apps that implement a NotificationListenerService from reading unredacted content from notifications where an OTP has been detected. Trusted apps such as companion device manager associations are exempt from these restrictions.

Screenshare Protection

  • Notification content is hidden during screen sharing sessions to preserve the user's privacy. If the app implements setPublicVersion(), Android shows the public version of the notification which serves as a replacement notification in insecure contexts. Otherwise, the notification content is redacted without any further context.
  • Sensitive content like password input is hidden from remote viewers to prevent revealing the user's sensitive information.
  • Activities from apps that post notifications during screenshare where an OTP has been detected will be hidden. App content is hidden from the remote viewer when launched.
  • Beyond Android's automatic identification of sensitive fields, developers can manually mark parts of their app as sensitive using setContentSensitivity, which is hidden from remote viewers during screenshare.
  • Developers can choose to toggle the Disable screen share protections option under Developer Options to be exempted from the screenshare protections for demo or testing purposes. The default system screen recorder is exempted from these changes, since the recordings remain on-device.

Câmera e mídia

O Android 15 faz as seguintes mudanças no comportamento de mídia e câmera para todos os apps.

A reprodução direta e de descarga de áudio invalida as faixas de áudio diretas ou de descarga abertas anteriormente quando os limites de recursos são atingidos.

Before Android 15, if an app requested direct or offload audio playback while another app was playing audio and the resource limits were reached, the app would fail to open a new AudioTrack.

Beginning with Android 15, when an app requests direct or offload playback and the resource limits are reached, the system invalidates any currently open AudioTrack objects which prevent fulfilling the new track request.

(Direct and offload audio tracks are typically opened for playback of compressed audio formats. Common use-cases for playing direct audio include streaming encoded audio over HDMI to a TV. Offload tracks are typically used to play compressed audio on a mobile device with hardware DSP acceleration.)

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 15 inclui algumas mudanças que visam criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

Animações de volta preditiva ativadas para apps que ativaram a opção

A partir do Android 15, a opção para desenvolvedores de animações de volta preditiva foi removida. Animações do sistema, como voltar à tela inicial, entre tarefas e atividades, agora aparecem para apps que ativaram o gesto de volta preditivo inteiramente ou em um nível de atividade. Se o app for afetado, realize as seguintes ações:

  • Confira se o app foi migrado corretamente para usar o gesto de volta previsivo.
  • Verifique se as transições de fragmentos funcionam com a navegação de volta preditiva.
  • Migrar de animações e transições de framework e usar animações e transições do androidx.
  • Migração de backstacks que FragmentManager não conhece. Use backstacks gerenciadas por FragmentManager ou pelo componente de navegação.

Widgets desativados quando o usuário força a interrupção de um app

If a user force-stops an app on a device running Android 15, the system temporarily disables all the app's widgets. The widgets are grayed out, and the user cannot interact with them. This is because beginning with Android 15, the system cancels all an app's pending intents when the app is force-stopped.

The system re-enables those widgets the next time the user launches the app.

For more information, see Changes to package stopped state.

O ícone da barra de status de projeção de mídia alerta os usuários sobre compartilhamento, transmissão e gravação de tela

As explorações de projeção de tela expõem dados privados do usuário, como informações financeiras, porque os usuários não percebem que a tela do dispositivo está sendo compartilhada.

Para apps executados em dispositivos com o Android 15 QPR1 ou mais recente, um ícone grande e visível na barra de status alerta os usuários sobre qualquer projeção de tela em andamento. Os usuários podem tocar no ícone para impedir que a tela seja compartilhada, transmitida ou gravada. Além disso, a projeção da tela é interrompida automaticamente quando a tela do dispositivo é bloqueada.

Bloco da barra de status para compartilhamento de tela, transmissão e gravação.

Check if your app is impacted

By default, your app includes the status bar chip and automatically suspends screen projection when the lock screen activates.

To learn more about how to test your app for these use cases, see Status bar chip and auto stop.

Restrições de acesso à rede em segundo plano

In Android 15, apps that start a network request outside of a valid process lifecycle receive an exception. Typically, an UnknownHostException or other socket-related IOException. Network requests that happen outside of a valid lifecycle are usually due to apps unknowingly continuing a network request even after the app is no longer active.

To mitigate this exception, ensure your network requests are lifecycle aware and cancelled upon leaving a valid process lifecycle by using lifecycle aware components. If it is important that the network request should happen even when the user leaves the application, consider scheduling the network request using WorkManager or continue a user visible task using Foreground Service.

Suspensões de uso

A cada versão, algumas APIs específicas do Android podem se tornar obsoletas ou precisarem ser refatoradas para fornecer uma melhor experiência aos desenvolvedores ou oferecer compatibilidade com as novas funcionalidades da plataforma. Nesses casos, descontinuamos oficialmente as APIs obsoletas e direcionamos os desenvolvedores para APIs alternativas.

Descontinuação significa que encerramos o suporte oficial para as APIs, mas elas continuarão disponíveis para os desenvolvedores. Para saber mais sobre as descontinuações importantes nesta versão do Android, consulte a página de descontinuações.