Changements de comportement: applications ciblant Android 16 ou version ultérieure

Comme les versions précédentes, Android 16 apporte des modifications de comportement pouvant affecter votre application. Les modifications de comportement suivantes s'appliquent exclusivement aux applications qui ciblent Android 16 ou version ultérieure. Si votre application cible Android 16 ou une version ultérieure, vous devez la modifier pour qu'elle prenne en charge ces comportements, le cas échéant.

Veillez également à consulter la liste des modifications de comportement qui affectent toutes les applications exécutées sur Android 16, quelle que soit la targetSdkVersion de votre application.

Expérience utilisateur et interface utilisateur du système

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes, qui visent à créer une expérience utilisateur plus cohérente et intuitive.

Fin de la possibilité de désactiver l'affichage bord à bord

Android 15 强制为以 Android 15（API 级别 35）为目标平台的应用启用无边框，但您的应用可以通过将 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement 设为 true 来选择停用无边框。对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement 已废弃并停用，并且您的应用无法选择停用全屏显示。

• 如果您的应用以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台，并且在 Android 15 设备上运行，R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement 会继续运行。
• 如果您的应用以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台，并且在 Android 16 设备上运行，则 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement 会被停用。

如需在 Android 16 Beta 版 3 中进行测试，请确保您的应用支持无边框设计，并移除对 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement 的所有使用，以便您的应用在 Android 15 设备上也支持无边框设计。如需支持边到边，请参阅 Compose 和 Views 指南。

Migration ou désactivation requise pour la prévisualisation du Retour

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）或更高版本为目标平台且在 Android 16 或更高版本的设备上运行的应用，预测性返回系统动画（返回主屏幕、跨任务和跨 activity）默认处于启用状态。此外，系统不会调用 onBackPressed，也不会再调度 KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK。

如果您的应用拦截了返回事件，并且您尚未迁移到预测性返回，请更新应用以使用受支持的返回导航 API；或者，在应用的 AndroidManifest.xml 文件的 <application> 或 <activity> 标记中将 android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback 属性设置为 false，以暂时停用此功能。

“返回主页”预测性返回动画。

预测性跨 activity 动画。

预测性跨任务动画。

API de polices élégantes obsolètes et désactivées

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) and lower, or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) that overrode the default by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 16, or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) that didn't override the default by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Fonctionnalité de base

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes qui modifient ou étendent diverses fonctionnalités de base du système Android.

Optimisation de la planification des tâches à tarif fixe

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

Facteurs de forme des appareils

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes pour les applications lorsqu'elles sont affichées sur des appareils à grand écran.

Mises en page adaptatives

现在，Android 应用可在各种设备（例如手机、平板电脑、可折叠设备、桌面设备、汽车和电视）上运行，并且在大屏设备上支持多种窗口模式（例如分屏和桌面窗口模式），因此开发者应构建能够适应任何屏幕和窗口大小的 Android 应用，无论设备屏幕方向如何。在当今的多设备时代，限制屏幕方向和尺寸调整等范式过于严格。

忽略屏幕方向、尺寸可调整性和宽高比限制

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，Android 16 对系统管理屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制的方式进行了更改。在最小宽度大于等于 600dp 的显示屏上，这些限制不再适用。无论宽高比或用户的首选屏幕方向如何，应用都会填满整个显示窗口，并且不会使用信箱模式。

此变更引入了新的标准平台行为。Android 正在朝着一种模式发展，即应用应适应各种屏幕方向、显示大小和宽高比。固定屏幕方向或尺寸可调整性受限等限制会妨碍应用自适应，因此我们建议让应用自适应，以提供尽可能出色的用户体验。

您还可以使用应用兼容性框架并启用 UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT 兼容性标志来测试此行为。

常见的破坏性更改

忽略屏幕方向、可调整大小和宽高比限制可能会影响应用在某些设备上的界面，尤其是专为锁定在纵向模式的小布局设计的元素：例如，拉伸的布局、屏幕外动画和组件等问题。对宽高比或屏幕方向做出的任何假设都可能会导致应用出现视觉问题。详细了解如何避免这些问题并改进应用的自适应行为。

允许设备旋转会导致重新创建更多 activity，如果未正确保留用户状态，可能会导致丢失用户状态。如需了解如何正确保存界面状态，请参阅保存界面状态。

实现细节

在大屏设备上，以下清单属性和运行时 API 会在全屏和多窗口模式下被忽略：

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

系统会忽略 screenOrientation、setRequestedOrientation() 和 getRequestedOrientation() 的以下值：

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

关于显示屏可调整大小，android:resizeableActivity="false"、android:minAspectRatio 和 android:maxAspectRatio 没有任何影响。

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，系统会默认在大屏设备上忽略应用屏幕方向、可调整大小和宽高比限制，但所有尚未完全准备就绪的应用都可以通过选择停用此功能来暂时替换此行为（这会导致之前将应用置于兼容模式的行为）。

异常

在以下情况下，Android 16 的屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制不适用：

• 游戏（基于 android:appCategory 标志）
• 用户在设备的宽高比设置中明确选择启用应用的默认行为
• 小于 sw600dp 的屏幕

暂时停用

如需停用特定 activity，请声明 PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY 清单属性：

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

如果应用的太多部分不支持 Android 16，您可以在应用级别应用相同的属性，以完全停用该功能：

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

重要提示： 停用此功能只是暂时性的，在未来的 Android 版本中以 API 级别 37 为目标平台时，此停用设置将不适用。也就是说，对于以 API 级别 37 为目标平台的应用，系统会忽略屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制，前提是屏幕至少为 sw600dp。

Santé et remise en forme

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes concernant les données de santé et de remise en forme.

Autorisations de santé et remise en forme

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

Important: Failure to provide the rationale for mobile apps will result in the permission being revoked.

Connectivité

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes dans la pile Bluetooth pour améliorer la connectivité avec les périphériques.

Nouveaux intents pour gérer la perte de liaison et les modifications de chiffrement

Dans le cadre de la gestion améliorée de la perte de liaison, Android 16 introduit également deux nouveaux intents pour mieux informer les applications de la perte de liaison et des modifications de chiffrement.

Les applications ciblant Android 16 peuvent désormais:

• Recevoir un intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING lorsqu'une perte de liaison à distance est détectée, ce qui leur permet de fournir des commentaires plus informatifs sur l'utilisateur et de prendre les mesures appropriées.
• Recevoir un intent ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE chaque fois que l'état du chiffrement du lien change. Cela inclut la modification de l'état du chiffrement, de l'algorithme de chiffrement et de la taille de la clé de chiffrement. Les applications doivent considérer que l'association est restaurée si le lien est correctement chiffré lors de la réception de l'intent ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE ultérieurement.

S'adapter aux implémentations OEM variées

Bien qu'Android 16 introduise ces nouveaux intents, leur implémentation et leur diffusion peuvent varier selon les fabricants d'appareils (OEM). Pour que votre application offre une expérience cohérente et fiable sur tous les appareils, les développeurs doivent concevoir leur gestion des pertes de liaison pour s'adapter de manière appropriée à ces variations potentielles.

Nous vous recommandons les comportements d'application suivants:

• Si l'intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING est diffusé:

  Le lien ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) sera déconnecté par le système, mais les informations de liaison de l'appareil seront conservées (comme décrit ici).

  Votre application doit utiliser cet intent comme signal principal pour la détection de la perte de liaison et guider l'utilisateur pour qu'il confirme que l'appareil distant est à portée avant de lancer l'oubli de l'appareil ou le réassociation.

  Si un appareil se déconnecte après la réception de ACTION_KEY_MISSING, votre application doit être prudente lors de la reconnexion, car l'appareil peut ne plus être associé au système.

• Si l'intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING n'est PAS diffusé:

  Le lien ACL restera connecté, et les informations d'association de l'appareil seront supprimées par le système, comme dans Android 15.

  Dans ce scénario, votre application doit poursuivre ses mécanismes de gestion des pertes de liaison existants, comme dans les versions précédentes d'Android, pour détecter et gérer les événements de perte de liaison.

Nouvelle méthode pour supprimer l'association Bluetooth

Toutes les applications ciblant Android 16 peuvent désormais dissocier des appareils Bluetooth à l'aide d'une API publique dans CompanionDeviceManager. Si un appareil associé est géré en tant qu'association CDM, l'application peut déclencher la suppression de l'association Bluetooth à l'aide de la nouvelle API removeBond(int) sur l'appareil associé. L'application peut surveiller les changements d'état de l'association en écoutant l'événement de diffusion de l'appareil Bluetooth ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

Sécurité

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications de sécurité suivantes.

Verrouillage de la version MediaStore

Pour les applications ciblant Android 16 ou version ultérieure, MediaStore#getVersion() sera désormais unique pour chaque application. Cela élimine les propriétés d'identification de la chaîne de version pour éviter les utilisations abusives et l'utilisation de techniques d'empreinte digitale. Les applications ne doivent pas faire d'hypothèses sur le format de cette version. Les applications doivent déjà gérer les modifications de version lorsqu'elles utilisent cette API et, dans la plupart des cas, elles ne doivent pas avoir besoin de modifier leur comportement actuel, sauf si le développeur a tenté d'inférer des informations supplémentaires qui dépassent le champ d'application prévu de cette API.

Intents plus sécurisés

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

Note: The attribute can be specified on the <application> tag as well as at the component tags such as <activity>, <activity-alias>, <receiver>, <service>, <provider> and the attribute on the component can be used to override what's on the <application> tag

More on the supported flags:

Flag Name	Description
enforceIntentFilter	Enforces stricter matching for incoming intents
none	Disables all special matching rules for incoming intents. When specifying multiple flags, conflicting values are resolved by giving precedence to the "none" flag
allowNullAction	Relaxes the matching rules to allow intents without an action to match. This flag to be used in conjunction with "enforceIntentFilter" to achieve a specific behavior

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

Confidentialité

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications de confidentialité suivantes.

Autorisation d'accès au réseau local

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

App Low Level Network Operation	Local Network Permission Required
Making an outgoing TCP connection	yes
Accepting incoming TCP connections	yes
Sending a UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast	yes
Receiving an incoming UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast	yes

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Note: Traffic originating from Android Webviews that require local network access will inherit permission state from the host app

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Note: Many media casting scenarios depend on access to the local network and will be impacted by this change. However, not all apps which offer casting will need to request the new permission. Future APIs and guidance for dealing with casting scenarios will be provided in 25Q4.

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Note: In a future Android release, this feature will be guarded by a new permission in the Nearby devices permission group

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Permission	Outbound LAN Request	Outbound/Inbound Internet Request	Inbound LAN Request
Granted	Works	Works	Works
Not Granted	Fails	Works	Fails

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

Photos appartenant à l'application

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.