本文档介绍如何设置各种常见的 Espresso 测试。
匹配另一个视图旁边的视图
布局可能会包含某些本身不具唯一性的视图。对于
例如,联系人列表中的一个重复通话按钮可能有相同的
R.id
,包含相同的文本,并且与其他调用具有相同的属性
视图层次结构中的按钮。
例如,在此 activity 中,包含文本 "7"
的视图会在多个
行:
通常,非唯一视图会与位于某个位置的某个唯一标签配对。
例如“致电”按钮旁边的联系人的姓名。在此示例中
可以使用 hasSibling()
匹配器缩小选择范围:
Kotlin
onView(allOf(withText("7"), hasSibling(withText("item: 0")))) .perform(click())
Java
onView(allOf(withText("7"), hasSibling(withText("item: 0")))) .perform(click());
匹配操作栏内的视图
ActionBarTestActivity
具有两个不同的操作栏:一个常规操作栏,
操作栏以及根据选项菜单创建的上下文操作栏。两者都有
操作栏有一个始终可见的项目,以及两个
显示在溢出菜单中。点击某个项时,它会将一个 TextView 更改为
所点击项目的内容。
匹配两个操作栏上的可见图标非常简单,如下所示 :
Kotlin
fun testClickActionBarItem() { // We make sure the contextual action bar is hidden. onView(withId(R.id.hide_contextual_action_bar)) .perform(click()) // Click on the icon - we can find it by the r.Id. onView(withId(R.id.action_save)) .perform(click()) // Verify that we have really clicked on the icon // by checking the TextView content. onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result)) .check(matches(withText("Save"))) }
Java
public void testClickActionBarItem() { // We make sure the contextual action bar is hidden. onView(withId(R.id.hide_contextual_action_bar)) .perform(click()); // Click on the icon - we can find it by the r.Id. onView(withId(R.id.action_save)) .perform(click()); // Verify that we have really clicked on the icon // by checking the TextView content. onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result)) .check(matches(withText("Save"))); }
上下文操作栏的代码看起来完全相同:
Kotlin
fun testClickActionModeItem() { // Make sure we show the contextual action bar. onView(withId(R.id.show_contextual_action_bar)) .perform(click()) // Click on the icon. onView((withId(R.id.action_lock))) .perform(click()) // Verify that we have really clicked on the icon // by checking the TextView content. onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result)) .check(matches(withText("Lock"))) }
Java
public void testClickActionModeItem() { // Make sure we show the contextual action bar. onView(withId(R.id.show_contextual_action_bar)) .perform(click()); // Click on the icon. onView((withId(R.id.action_lock))) .perform(click()); // Verify that we have really clicked on the icon // by checking the TextView content. onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result)) .check(matches(withText("Lock"))); }
对于普通操作来说,点击溢出菜单中的项目会有些棘手 因为某些设备具有硬件溢出菜单按钮,用于打开 选项菜单中会溢出,以及某些设备会出现软件溢出 菜单按钮,点击此按钮可打开普通溢出菜单。幸运的是,Espresso 处理了 。
对于普通操作栏:
Kotlin
fun testActionBarOverflow() { // Make sure we hide the contextual action bar. onView(withId(R.id.hide_contextual_action_bar)) .perform(click()) // Open the options menu OR open the overflow menu, depending on whether // the device has a hardware or software overflow menu button. openActionBarOverflowOrOptionsMenu( ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext<Context>()) // Click the item. onView(withText("World")) .perform(click()) // Verify that we have really clicked on the icon by checking // the TextView content. onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result)) .check(matches(withText("World"))) }
Java
public void testActionBarOverflow() { // Make sure we hide the contextual action bar. onView(withId(R.id.hide_contextual_action_bar)) .perform(click()); // Open the options menu OR open the overflow menu, depending on whether // the device has a hardware or software overflow menu button. openActionBarOverflowOrOptionsMenu( ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext()); // Click the item. onView(withText("World")) .perform(click()); // Verify that we have really clicked on the icon by checking // the TextView content. onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result)) .check(matches(withText("World"))); }
在具有硬件溢出菜单按钮的设备上,如下所示:
对于上下文操作栏,同样非常简单:
Kotlin
fun testActionModeOverflow() { // Show the contextual action bar. onView(withId(R.id.show_contextual_action_bar)) .perform(click()) // Open the overflow menu from contextual action mode. openContextualActionModeOverflowMenu() // Click on the item. onView(withText("Key")) .perform(click()) // Verify that we have really clicked on the icon by // checking the TextView content. onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result)) .check(matches(withText("Key"))) } }
Java
public void testActionModeOverflow() { // Show the contextual action bar. onView(withId(R.id.show_contextual_action_bar)) .perform(click()); // Open the overflow menu from contextual action mode. openContextualActionModeOverflowMenu(); // Click on the item. onView(withText("Key")) .perform(click()); // Verify that we have really clicked on the icon by // checking the TextView content. onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result)) .check(matches(withText("Key"))); } }
要查看这些示例的完整代码,请查看
GitHub 上的 ActionBarTest.java
示例。
断言视图未显示
执行一系列操作后,您肯定需要断言
被测界面的状态。有时,这种情况可能为负例,例如,当
并没有发生任何变化请注意,您可以将任意的
hamcrest 视图
匹配器转换为 ViewAssertion
传递至 ViewAssertions.matches()
。
在以下示例中,我们采用 isDisplayed()
匹配器,并使用如下命令将其反转:
标准 not()
匹配器:
Kotlin
import androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onView import androidx.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.matches import androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.isDisplayed import androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId import org.hamcrest.Matchers.not onView(withId(R.id.bottom_left)) .check(matches(not(isDisplayed())))
Java
import static androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onView; import static androidx.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.matches; import static androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.isDisplayed; import static androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId; import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.not; onView(withId(R.id.bottom_left)) .check(matches(not(isDisplayed())));
如果相应视图仍然是层次结构的一部分,则上述方法有效。如果
否则,您会收到 NoMatchingViewException
,并且需要使用
ViewAssertions.doesNotExist()
。
断言视图不存在
如果该视图从视图层次结构中消失 - 当
操作导致转换到另一个 Activity,则应使用
ViewAssertions.doesNotExist()
:
Kotlin
import androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onView import androidx.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.doesNotExist import androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId onView(withId(R.id.bottom_left)) .check(doesNotExist())
Java
import static androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onView; import static androidx.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.doesNotExist; import static androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId; onView(withId(R.id.bottom_left)) .check(doesNotExist());
断言数据项不在适配器中
如需证明特定数据项不在 AdapterView
中,您必须
会有点不同我们必须找到感兴趣的AdapterView
并查询持有的数据我们不需要使用 onData()
。
而是使用 onView()
查找 AdapterView
,然后使用另一个
匹配器处理视图内的数据。
首先是匹配器:
Kotlin
private fun withAdaptedData(dataMatcher: Matcher<Any>): Matcher<View> { return object : TypeSafeMatcher<View>() { override fun describeTo(description: Description) { description.appendText("with class name: ") dataMatcher.describeTo(description) } public override fun matchesSafely(view: View) : Boolean { if (view !is AdapterView<*>) { return false } val adapter = view.adapter for (i in 0 until adapter.count) { if (dataMatcher.matches(adapter.getItem(i))) { return true } } return false } } }
Java
private static Matcher<View> withAdaptedData(final Matcher<Object> dataMatcher) { return new TypeSafeMatcher<View>() { @Override public void describeTo(Description description) { description.appendText("with class name: "); dataMatcher.describeTo(description); } @Override public boolean matchesSafely(View view) { if (!(view instanceof AdapterView)) { return false; } @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") Adapter adapter = ((AdapterView) view).getAdapter(); for (int i = 0; i < adapter.getCount(); i++) { if (dataMatcher.matches(adapter.getItem(i))) { return true; } } return false; } }; }
然后,我们只需要使用 onView()
来查找 AdapterView
:
Kotlin
fun testDataItemNotInAdapter() { onView(withId(R.id.list)) .check(matches(not(withAdaptedData(withItemContent("item: 168"))))) } }
Java
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public void testDataItemNotInAdapter() { onView(withId(R.id.list)) .check(matches(not(withAdaptedData(withItemContent("item: 168"))))); } }
我们有一个断言,如果项等于“item: 168”,则会失败 和 ID 列表一起存在于适配器视图中。
有关完整示例,请查看 testDataItemNotInAdapter()
方法(在
AdapterViewTest.java
类。
使用自定义故障处理程序
将 Espresso 中的默认 FailureHandler
替换为自定义 FailureHandler
后,
额外或不同的错误处理方式,例如截取屏幕截图或传递
以及额外的调试信息。
CustomFailureHandlerTest
示例演示了如何实现自定义
失败处理程序:
Kotlin
private class CustomFailureHandler(targetContext: Context) : FailureHandler { private val delegate: FailureHandler init { delegate = DefaultFailureHandler(targetContext) } override fun handle(error: Throwable, viewMatcher: Matcher<View>) { try { delegate.handle(error, viewMatcher) } catch (e: NoMatchingViewException) { throw MySpecialException(e) } } }
Java
private static class CustomFailureHandler implements FailureHandler { private final FailureHandler delegate; public CustomFailureHandler(Context targetContext) { delegate = new DefaultFailureHandler(targetContext); } @Override public void handle(Throwable error, Matcher<View> viewMatcher) { try { delegate.handle(error, viewMatcher); } catch (NoMatchingViewException e) { throw new MySpecialException(e); } } }
此失败处理程序会抛出 MySpecialException
,而不是
NoMatchingViewException
,并将其他所有故障都委托给
DefaultFailureHandler
。该 CustomFailureHandler
可以注册
在测试的 setUp()
方法中使用 Espresso:
Kotlin
@Throws(Exception::class) override fun setUp() { super.setUp() getActivity() setFailureHandler(CustomFailureHandler( ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext<Context>())) }
Java
@Override public void setUp() throws Exception { super.setUp(); getActivity(); setFailureHandler(new CustomFailureHandler( ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext())); }
有关详情,请参阅
FailureHandler
界面和
Espresso.setFailureHandler()
。
以非默认窗口为目标
Android 支持多个窗口。通常情况下,此信息对用户是透明的
但在某些情况下,系统会显示多个窗口,例如
就像在主应用窗口上绘制一个自动填充窗口
搜索微件为了简化操作,默认情况下,Espresso 使用启发法
猜测您打算与哪个 Window
进行交互。这种启发法几乎
始终足够好不过,在极少数情况下
应该定位一次互动为此,您可以提供自己的根窗口
匹配器或 Root
匹配器:
Kotlin
onView(withText("South China Sea")) .inRoot(withDecorView(not(`is`(getActivity().getWindow().getDecorView())))) .perform(click())
Java
onView(withText("South China Sea")) .inRoot(withDecorView(not(is(getActivity().getWindow().getDecorView())))) .perform(click());
与使用
ViewMatchers
、
我们提供了一系列预先提供的
RootMatchers
。
当然,您始终可以实现自己的Matcher
对象。
请查看 MultipleWindowTest 示例 。
匹配列表视图中的页眉或页脚
使用 addHeaderView()
和 ListViews
向 ListViews
添加页眉和页脚
addFooterView()
方法。为了确保 Espresso.onData()
知道哪些数据对象
要匹配,请务必将预设的数据对象值作为第二个参数传递
发送给addHeaderView()
和addFooterView()
。例如:
Kotlin
const val FOOTER = "FOOTER" ... val footerView = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.list_item, listView, false) footerView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.item_content).text = "count:" footerView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.item_size).text = data.size.toString listView.addFooterView(footerView, FOOTER, true)
Java
public static final String FOOTER = "FOOTER"; ... View footerView = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.list_item, listView, false); footerView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.item_content).setText("count:"); footerView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.item_size).setText(String.valueOf(data.size())); listView.addFooterView(footerView, FOOTER, true);
然后,您可以为页脚编写一个匹配器:
Kotlin
import org.hamcrest.Matchers.allOf import org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf import org.hamcrest.Matchers.`is` fun isFooter(): Matcher<Any> { return allOf(`is`(instanceOf(String::class.java)), `is`(LongListActivity.FOOTER)) }
Java
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.allOf; import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf; import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is; @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public static Matcher<Object> isFooter() { return allOf(is(instanceOf(String.class)), is(LongListActivity.FOOTER)); }
在测试中加载视图很简单:
Kotlin
import androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onData import androidx.test.espresso.action.ViewActions.click import androidx.test.espresso.sample.LongListMatchers.isFooter fun testClickFooter() { onData(isFooter()) .perform(click()) // ... }
Java
import static androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onData; import static androidx.test.espresso.action.ViewActions.click; import static androidx.test.espresso.sample.LongListMatchers.isFooter; public void testClickFooter() { onData(isFooter()) .perform(click()); // ... }
请查看完整的代码示例,可在testClickFooter()
AdapterViewTest.java
。