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نقل البيانات الذي يبدأه المستخدم

If you need to perform a data transfer that may take a long time, you can create a JobScheduler job and identify it as a user-initiated data transfer (UIDT) job. UIDT jobs are intended for longer-duration data transfers that are initiated by the device user, such as downloading a file from a remote server. UIDT jobs were introduced with Android 14 (API level 34).

User-initiated data transfer jobs are started by the user. These jobs require a notification, start immediately, and may be able to run for an extended period of time as system conditions allow. You can run several user-initiated data transfer jobs concurrently.

User initiated jobs must be scheduled while the application is visible to the user (or in one of the allowed conditions). After all constraints are met, user initiated jobs can be executed by the OS, subject to system health restrictions. The system may also use the provided estimated payload size to determine how long the job executes.

جدولة مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

To run a user initiated data-transfer job, do the following:

Make sure your app has declared the JobService and associated permissions in its manifest:

<service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
        android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
        android:exported="false">
        ...
</service>

Also, define a concrete subclass of JobService for your data transfer:

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  ...
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService() {

    ....

}

Declare the RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS permission in the manifest:

<manifest ...>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

Call the setUserInitiated() method when building a JobInfo object. (This method is available beginning with Android 14.) We also recommend that you offer a payload size estimate by calling setEstimatedNetworkBytes() while creating your job.

Kotlin

val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
        // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
        // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
        // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
        // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
        .build()

val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
              ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService::class.java))
        // ...
        .setUserInitiated(true)
        .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder)
        // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
        .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
        // ...
        .build()

Java

NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
    // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
    // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
    // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
    // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
    .build();

JobInfo jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
        new ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService.class))
    // ...
    .setUserInitiated(true)
    .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequest)
    // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
    .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
    // ...
    .build();

While the job is being executed, call setNotification() on the JobService object. Calling setNotification() makes the user aware that the job is running, both in the Task Manager and in the status bar notification area.

When execution is complete, call jobFinished() to signal to the system that the job is complete, or that the job should be rescheduled.

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService: JobService() {
    private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO)

    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters): Boolean {
        val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext,
                              NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
            .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
            .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
            .setContentText("Job is running")
            .build()

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        scope.launch {
            doDownload(params)
        }
        return true
    }

    private suspend fun doDownload(params: JobParameters) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false)
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    override fun onStopJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService{
    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    @Override
    public boolean onStartJob(JobParameters params) {
        Notification notification = Notification.Builder(getBaseContext(),
                                        NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
                .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
                .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
                .setContentText("Job is running")
                .build();

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                          JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        new Thread(() -> doDownload(params)).start();
        return true;
    }

    private void doDownload(JobParameters params) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false);
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    @Override
    public boolean onStopJob(JobParameters params) {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true; // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Periodically update the notification to keep the user informed of the job's status and progress. If you cannot determine the transfer size ahead of scheduling the job, or need to update the estimated transfer size, use the new API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes() to update the transfer size after it becomes known.

Recommendations

To run UIDT jobs effectively, do the following:

Clearly define network constraints and job execution constraints to specify when the job should be executed.
Execute the task asynchronously in onStartJob(); for example, you can do this by using a coroutine. If you don't run the task asynchronously, the work runs on the main thread and might block it, which can cause an ANR.
To avoid running the job longer than necessary, call jobFinished() when the transfer finishes, whether it succeeds or fails. That way, the job doesn't run longer than necessary. To discover why a job was stopped, implement the onStopJob() callback method and call JobParameters.getStopReason().

التوافق مع الإصدارات السابقة

There is currently no Jetpack library that supports UIDT jobs. For this reason, we recommend that you gate your change with code that verifies that you're running on Android 14 or higher. On lower Android versions, you can use WorkManager's foreground service implementation as a fallback approach.

Here's an example of code that checks for the appropriate system version:

Kotlin

fun beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context)
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context)
    }
}

private fun scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context: Context) {
    // build jobInfo
    val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
        context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)
}

private fun scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context: Context) {
    val myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker::class.java)
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Java

public void beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context);
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context);
    }
}

private void scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(Context context) {
    // build jobInfo
    JobScheduler jobScheduler =
            (JobScheduler) context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo);
}

private void scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(Context context) {
    OneTimeWorkRequest myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker.class);
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

إيقاف مهام UIDT

يمكن لكل من المستخدم والنظام إيقاف مهام النقل التي يبدأها المستخدم.

من قِبل المستخدم، من "إدارة المهام"

يمكن للمستخدم إيقاف مهمة نقل بيانات بدأها المستخدم وتظهر في إدارة المهام.

في اللحظة التي يضغط فيها المستخدم على إيقاف، ينفِّذ النظام ما يلي:

يؤدي هذا الخيار إلى إنهاء عملية تطبيقك على الفور، بما في ذلك جميع المهام الأخرى أو الخدمات التي تعمل في المقدّمة.
لا يتمّ استدعاء onStopJob() لأيّ مهام قيد التنفيذ.
يمنع إعادة جدولة المهام المرئية للمستخدم.

لهذه الأسباب، ننصحك بتوفير عناصر تحكّم في الإشعار المُرسَل للعمل للسماح بإيقافه بنجاح وإعادة جدولته.

يُرجى العِلم أنّه في ظل ظروف خاصة، لا يظهر الزر إيقاف بجانب الوظيفة في "مدير المهام"، أو لا تظهر الوظيفة في "مدير المهام" على الإطلاق.

من خلال النظام

与常规作业不同，用户发起的数据传输作业不受应用待机模式存储分区配额的影响。但是，如果出现以下任一情况，系统仍会停止作业：

不再满足开发者定义的约束条件。
系统确定该作业的运行时间超出了完成数据传输任务所需的时间。
系统需要优先考虑系统运行状况，并因发热程度上升而停止作业。
应用进程因设备内存不足而被终止。

如果系统因设备内存不足以外的原因停止作业，系统会调用 onStopJob()，并在系统认为最佳的时间重试作业。确保您的应用可以保留数据传输状态（即使未调用 onStopJob()），并且您的应用可以在再次调用 onStartJob() 时恢复此状态。

الشروط المسموح بها لجدولة مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

只有当应用处于可见窗口中或满足特定条件时，应用才能启动用户发起的数据传输作业：

如果应用可以从后台启动 activity，则也可以从后台启动用户发起的数据传输作业。
如果应用在最近用过屏幕上现有任务的返回堆栈中有 activity，单靠这一点并不允许运行用户发起的数据传输作业。

如果作业安排在未满足必要条件的时间运行，则作业将失败并返回 RESULT_FAILURE 错误代码。

القيود المسموح بها لمهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

为了支持在最佳时间点运行的作业，Android 提供了为每种作业类型分配约束条件的功能。这些约束条件从 Android 13 开始就已经可用。

注意：下表仅比较了因作业类型而异的约束条件。如需了解所有约束条件，请参阅 JobScheduler 开发者页面或工作约束条件。

下表显示了支持给定作业约束条件的不同作业类型，以及 WorkManager 支持的作业约束条件集。您可以使用表格前的搜索栏按作业约束方法的名称过滤表格。

以下是用户发起的数据传输作业允许使用的约束条件：

setBackoffCriteria(JobInfo.BACKOFF_POLICY_EXPONENTIAL)
setClipData()
setEstimatedNetworkBytes()
setMinimumNetworkChunkBytes()
setPersisted()
setNamespace()
setRequiredNetwork()
setRequiredNetworkType()
setRequiresBatteryNotLow()
setRequiresCharging()
setRequiresStorageNotLow()

الاختبار

下面列出了有关如何手动测试应用作业的一些步骤：

如需获取作业 ID，请获取在构建作业时定义的值。
如需立即运行作业或重试已停止的作业，请在终端窗口中运行以下命令：
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler run -f APP_PACKAGE_NAME JOB_ID
```
如需模拟系统强行停止作业（由于系统运行状况或超出配额条件），请在终端窗口中运行以下命令：
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler timeout TEST_APP_PACKAGE TEST_JOB_ID
```

انظر أيضًا

مراجع إضافية

لمزيد من المعلومات حول عمليات نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم، يُرجى الاطّلاع على المراجع الإضافية التالية:

دراسة حالة حول دمج UIDT: حسّنت "خرائط Google" موثوقية التنزيل بنسبة% 10 باستخدام واجهة برمجة التطبيقات لنقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

نقل البيانات الذي يبدأه المستخدم تنظيم صفحاتك في مجموعات يمكنك حفظ المحتوى وتصنيفه حسب إعداداتك المفضّلة.

جدولة مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

Kotlin

Java

Kotlin

Java

Kotlin

Java

Recommendations

التوافق مع الإصدارات السابقة

Kotlin

Java

إيقاف مهام UIDT

من قِبل المستخدم، من "إدارة المهام"

من خلال النظام

الشروط المسموح بها لجدولة مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

القيود المسموح بها لمهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

الاختبار

انظر أيضًا

مراجع إضافية

نقل البيانات الذي يبدأه المستخدم