Android 接口定义语言 (AIDL) 与其他 IDL 类似:您可以利用它定义客户端与服务均认可的编程接口,以便二者使用进程间通信 (IPC) 进行相互通信。
在 Android 上,一个进程通常无法访问另一个进程的内存。为了进行通信,它们需要将其对象分解为基元,操作系统可以为您理解并编组这些对象跨越该边界。编写执行该编组操作的代码较为繁琐,因此 Android 会使用 AIDL 为您处理此问题。
注意:只有在需要不同应用的客户端通过 IPC 方式访问服务,并且希望在服务中进行多线程处理时,您才有必要使用 AIDL。如果您无需跨不同应用执行并发 IPC,请通过实现 Binder
来创建接口。如果您想执行 IPC,但不需要处理多线程处理,请使用 Messenger
实现接口。无论如何,请务必先了解绑定服务,然后再实现 AIDL。
在开始设计 AIDL 接口之前,请注意,AIDL 接口的调用是直接函数调用。不要假设发生调用的线程。实际情况的差异取决于调用是来自本地进程中的线程,还是远程进程中的线程:
- 来自本地进程的调用在发起调用的同一线程内执行。如果该线程是您的主界面线程,则该线程继续在 AIDL 接口中执行。如果该线程是其他线程,则其便是在服务中执行代码的线程。因此,只有在本地线程访问服务时,您才能完全控制哪些线程在服务中执行。但如果是这种情况,请完全不要使用 AIDL;而是通过实现
Binder
来创建接口。 - 远程进程的调用分派自线程池,且平台会在您自己的进程内部维护该线程池。为来自未知线程的多次并发传入调用做好准备。换言之,AIDL 接口的实现必须基于完全的线程安全。如果调用来自同一远程对象上的某个线程,则该调用将依次抵达接收器端。
oneway
关键字用于修改远程调用的行为。使用此关键字后,远程调用不会屏蔽。它发送交易数据并立即返回。 最终接收该数据时,接口的实现会将其视为来自Binder
线程池的常规调用(普通的远程调用)。如果将oneway
用于本地调用,则不会产生任何影响,且调用仍是同步调用。
定义 AIDL 接口
使用 Java 编程语言语法在 .aidl
文件中定义 AIDL 接口,然后将其保存在托管服务的应用以及任何其他绑定到服务的应用的源代码(在 src/
目录中)内。
在构建每个包含 .aidl
文件的应用时,Android SDK 工具会生成基于该 .aidl
文件的 IBinder
接口,并将其保存到项目的 gen/
目录中。服务必须视情况实现 IBinder
接口。然后,客户端应用便可绑定到该服务,并调用 IBinder
中的方法来执行 IPC。
如需使用 AIDL 创建绑定服务,请按照以下部分所述的步骤操作:
- 创建
.aidl
文件此文件定义带有方法签名的编程接口。
- 实现接口
Android SDK 工具会基于您的
.aidl
文件,使用 Java 编程语言生成接口。此接口具有一个名为Stub
的内部抽象类,用于扩展Binder
并实现 AIDL 接口中的方法。您必须扩展Stub
类并实现这些方法。 - 向客户端公开接口
注意:如果您在首次发布 AIDL 接口后对其进行更改,则每次更改必须保持向后兼容性,以免中断其他应用使用您的服务。也就是说,因为必须将您的 .aidl
文件复制到其他应用,才能让这些应用访问您的服务的接口,因此您必须保留对原始接口的支持。
创建 .aidl 文件
AIDL 使用简单语法,使您能通过可带参数和返回值的一个或多个方法来声明接口。参数和返回值可以是任何类型,甚至是 AIDL 生成的其他接口。
您必须使用 Java 编程语言构建 .aidl
文件。每个 .aidl
文件都必须定义一个接口,并且只需要接口声明和方法签名。
默认情况下,AIDL 支持下列数据类型:
- Java 编程语言中的所有基元类型(如
int
、long
、char
、boolean
等) - 任何类型的数组,例如
int[]
或MyParcelable[]
String
CharSequence
List
List
中的所有元素都必须是以上列表中支持的数据类型,或者您声明的由 AIDL 生成的其他接口或 Parcelable 类型。可以选择将List
用作参数化类型类,例如List<String>
。尽管生成的方法旨在使用List
接口,但另一方实际接收的具体类始终是ArrayList
。Map
Map
中的所有元素都必须属于此列表支持的数据类型,或者属于您声明的其他由 AIDL 生成的接口或 Parcelable 类型。不支持参数化类型映射(例如Map<String,Integer>
形式的映射)。尽管生成的方法旨在使用Map
接口,但另一方实际接收的具体类始终是HashMap
。考虑使用Bundle
代替Map
。
您必须为之前未列出的每个附加类型加入一个 import
语句,即使这些类型是在与您的接口相同的软件包中定义。
定义服务接口时,请注意:
- 方法可带零个或多个参数,返回值或空值。
- 所有非原语参数都需要指示数据走向的方向标记:
in
、out
或inout
(见以下示例)。原语、
String
、IBinder
和 AIDL 生成的接口默认为in
,不能是其他方向。注意:请将方向限定为真正需要的方向,因为编组参数的开销较大。
.aidl
文件中包括的所有代码注释都包含在生成的IBinder
接口中,import 和 package 语句之前的注释除外。- 您可以在 AIDL 接口中定义 String 常量和 int 字符串常量,例如
const int VERSION = 1;
。 - 方法调用由
transact()
代码分派,该代码通常基于接口中的方法索引。由于这会增加版本控制的难度,因此您可以向方法手动配置事务代码:void method() = 10;
。 - 必须使用
@nullable
为可空参数和返回类型添加注解。
以下是一个示例 .aidl
文件:
// IRemoteService.aidl package com.example.android; // Declare any non-default types here with import statements. /** Example service interface */ interface IRemoteService { /** Request the process ID of this service. */ int getPid(); /** Demonstrates some basic types that you can use as parameters * and return values in AIDL. */ void basicTypes(int anInt, long aLong, boolean aBoolean, float aFloat, double aDouble, String aString); }
将 .aidl
文件保存在项目的 src/
目录中。当您构建应用时,SDK 工具会在项目的 gen/
目录中生成 IBinder
接口文件。所生成文件的名称与 .aidl
文件的名称一致,但扩展名为 .java
。例如,IRemoteService.aidl
会导致 IRemoteService.java
。
如果您使用 Android Studio,增量构建几乎会立即生成 binder 类。如果您不使用 Android Studio,则 Gradle 工具会在您下一次构建应用时生成 binder 类。在编写完 .aidl
文件后,请立即使用 gradle assembleDebug
或 gradle assembleRelease
构建项目,以便您的代码能够链接到生成的类。
实现接口
当您构建应用时,Android SDK 工具会生成一个以 .aidl
文件命名的 .java
接口文件。生成的接口包含一个名为 Stub
的子类,该子类是其父接口(例如 YourInterface.Stub
)的抽象实现,并且会声明 .aidl
文件中的所有方法。
注意:Stub
还定义了几个辅助方法,其中最值得注意的是 asInterface()
,该方法接受 IBinder
(通常是传递给客户端的 onServiceConnected()
回调方法)并返回桩接口的实例。如需详细了解如何进行此转换,请参阅调用 IPC 方法部分。
如需实现 .aidl
生成的接口,请扩展生成的 Binder
接口(例如 YourInterface.Stub
),并实现从 .aidl
文件继承的方法。
以下是使用匿名实例实现 IRemoteService
接口的示例(由前面的 IRemoteService.aidl
示例定义):
Kotlin
private val binder = object : IRemoteService.Stub() { override fun getPid(): Int = Process.myPid() override fun basicTypes( anInt: Int, aLong: Long, aBoolean: Boolean, aFloat: Float, aDouble: Double, aString: String ) { // Does nothing. } }
Java
private final IRemoteService.Stub binder = new IRemoteService.Stub() { public int getPid(){ return Process.myPid(); } public void basicTypes(int anInt, long aLong, boolean aBoolean, float aFloat, double aDouble, String aString) { // Does nothing. } };
现在,binder
是 Stub
类 (Binder
) 的一个实例,用于定义服务的 IPC 接口。在下一步中,我们会向客户端公开此实例,以便客户端能与服务进行交互。
实现 AIDL 接口时,请注意几条规则:
- 由于无法保证在主线程上执行传入调用,因此您一开始便需做好多线程处理的准备,并对您的服务进行适当构建,使其达到线程安全的标准。
- 默认情况下,IPC 调用是同步的。如果您知道服务需要几毫秒以上的时间才能完成请求,请勿从 activity 的主线程调用该服务。这可能会导致应用挂起,进而导致 Android 显示“应用无响应”对话框。从客户端的单独线程中调用它。
- 只有
Parcel.writeException()
参考文档中列出的异常类型会发回给调用方。
向客户端公开该接口
为服务实现该接口后,您需要将其公开给客户端,以便他们绑定到该接口。如需为您的服务公开该接口,请扩展 Service
并实现 onBind()
,从而返回实现生成的 Stub
的类实例(如前文所述)。下面是一个向客户端公开 IRemoteService
示例接口的示例服务。
Kotlin
class RemoteService : Service() { override fun onCreate() { super.onCreate() } override fun onBind(intent: Intent): IBinder { // Return the interface. return binder } private val binder = object : IRemoteService.Stub() { override fun getPid(): Int { return Process.myPid() } override fun basicTypes( anInt: Int, aLong: Long, aBoolean: Boolean, aFloat: Float, aDouble: Double, aString: String ) { // Does nothing. } } }
Java
public class RemoteService extends Service { @Override public void onCreate() { super.onCreate(); } @Override public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) { // Return the interface. return binder; } private final IRemoteService.Stub binder = new IRemoteService.Stub() { public int getPid(){ return Process.myPid(); } public void basicTypes(int anInt, long aLong, boolean aBoolean, float aFloat, double aDouble, String aString) { // Does nothing. } }; }
现在,当客户端(如 activity)调用 bindService()
以连接此服务时,客户端的 onServiceConnected()
回调会接收服务的 onBind()
方法返回的 binder
实例。
客户端还必须有权访问接口类。因此,如果客户端和服务位于不同的应用中,则客户端应用的 src/
目录中必须包含 .aidl
文件的副本,该文件会生成 android.os.Binder
接口,为客户端提供对 AIDL 方法的访问权限。
当客户端在 onServiceConnected()
回调中收到 IBinder
时,必须调用 YourServiceInterface.Stub.asInterface(service)
以将返回的参数转换为 YourServiceInterface
类型:
Kotlin
var iRemoteService: IRemoteService? = null val mConnection = object : ServiceConnection { // Called when the connection with the service is established. override fun onServiceConnected(className: ComponentName, service: IBinder) { // Following the preceding example for an AIDL interface, // this gets an instance of the IRemoteInterface, which we can use to call on the service. iRemoteService = IRemoteService.Stub.asInterface(service) } // Called when the connection with the service disconnects unexpectedly. override fun onServiceDisconnected(className: ComponentName) { Log.e(TAG, "Service has unexpectedly disconnected") iRemoteService = null } }
Java
IRemoteService iRemoteService; private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() { // Called when the connection with the service is established. public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) { // Following the preceding example for an AIDL interface, // this gets an instance of the IRemoteInterface, which we can use to call on the service. iRemoteService = IRemoteService.Stub.asInterface(service); } // Called when the connection with the service disconnects unexpectedly. public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) { Log.e(TAG, "Service has unexpectedly disconnected"); iRemoteService = null; } };
如需查看更多示例代码,请参阅
ApiDemos 中的
RemoteService.java
类。
通过 IPC 传递对象
在 Android 10(API 级别 29 或更高版本)中,您可以直接在 AIDL 中定义 Parcelable
对象。此处还支持作为 AIDL 接口参数和其他 Parcelable 的类型。这样可以避免手动编写序列化代码和自定义类的额外工作。不过,这也会创建一个裸结构体。如果需要自定义访问器或其他功能,请改为实现 Parcelable
。
package android.graphics; // Declare Rect so AIDL can find it and knows that it implements // the parcelable protocol. parcelable Rect { int left; int top; int right; int bottom; }
上述代码示例会自动生成一个包含整数字段 left
、top
、right
和 bottom
的 Java 类。系统会自动实现所有相关的封装容器代码,并且无需添加任何实现即可直接使用该对象。
您也可以通过 IPC 接口将自定义类从一个进程发送到另一个进程。不过,请确保 IPC 通道的另一端可使用该类的代码,并且该类必须支持 Parcelable
接口。支持 Parcelable
很重要,因为 Android 系统可通过它将对象分解成可编组到各进程的原语。
如需创建支持 Parcelable
的自定义类,请执行以下操作:
- 让您的类实现
Parcelable
接口。 - 实现
writeToParcel
,它会获取对象的当前状态并将其写入Parcel
。 - 将名为
CREATOR
的静态字段添加到您的类中,该字段是实现Parcelable.Creator
接口的对象。 - 最后,创建一个声明可打包类的
.aidl
文件,如以下Rect.aidl
文件所示。如果您使用的是自定义构建流程,请勿将
.aidl
文件添加到您的 build 中,此.aidl
文件与 C 语言中的头文件类似,并未经过编译。
AIDL 会在其生成的代码中使用这些方法和字段,以对您的对象进行编组和解编。
例如,以下这个 Rect.aidl
文件可创建一个可打包的 Rect
类:
package android.graphics; // Declare Rect so AIDL can find it and knows that it implements // the parcelable protocol. parcelable Rect;
以下示例展示了 Rect
类如何实现 Parcelable
协议。
Kotlin
import android.os.Parcel import android.os.Parcelable class Rect() : Parcelable { var left: Int = 0 var top: Int = 0 var right: Int = 0 var bottom: Int = 0 companion object CREATOR : Parcelable.Creator<Rect> { override fun createFromParcel(parcel: Parcel): Rect { return Rect(parcel) } override fun newArray(size: Int): Array<Rect?> { return Array(size) { null } } } private constructor(inParcel: Parcel) : this() { readFromParcel(inParcel) } override fun writeToParcel(outParcel: Parcel, flags: Int) { outParcel.writeInt(left) outParcel.writeInt(top) outParcel.writeInt(right) outParcel.writeInt(bottom) } private fun readFromParcel(inParcel: Parcel) { left = inParcel.readInt() top = inParcel.readInt() right = inParcel.readInt() bottom = inParcel.readInt() } override fun describeContents(): Int { return 0 } }
Java
import android.os.Parcel; import android.os.Parcelable; public final class Rect implements Parcelable { public int left; public int top; public int right; public int bottom; public static final Parcelable.Creator<Rect> CREATOR = new Parcelable.Creator<Rect>() { public Rect createFromParcel(Parcel in) { return new Rect(in); } public Rect[] newArray(int size) { return new Rect[size]; } }; public Rect() { } private Rect(Parcel in) { readFromParcel(in); } public void writeToParcel(Parcel out, int flags) { out.writeInt(left); out.writeInt(top); out.writeInt(right); out.writeInt(bottom); } public void readFromParcel(Parcel in) { left = in.readInt(); top = in.readInt(); right = in.readInt(); bottom = in.readInt(); } public int describeContents() { return 0; } }
Rect
类中的编组非常简单。请查看 Parcel
的其他相关方法,了解您可以向 Parcel
写入哪些其他类型的值。
警告:请注意从其他进程接收数据的安全问题。在这种情况下,Rect
会从 Parcel
读取四个数字,但无论调用方试图做什么,您都需要确保这些值在可接受的值范围内。如需详细了解如何保护应用免受恶意软件的侵扰,请参阅安全提示。
带软件包参数(包含 Parcelable 类型)的方法
如果某个方法接受应包含 Parcelable 的Bundle
对象,请务必通过调用 Bundle.setClassLoader(ClassLoader)
来设置 Bundle
的类加载器,然后再尝试从 Bundle
读取数据。否则,即使您在应用中正确定义 Parcelable 类型,也会遇到 ClassNotFoundException
。
例如,请考虑以下示例 .aidl
文件:
// IRectInsideBundle.aidl package com.example.android; /** Example service interface */ interface IRectInsideBundle { /** Rect parcelable is stored in the bundle with key "rect". */ void saveRect(in Bundle bundle); }
Rect
之前,ClassLoader
已在 Bundle
中完成显式设置:
Kotlin
private val binder = object : IRectInsideBundle.Stub() { override fun saveRect(bundle: Bundle) { bundle.classLoader = classLoader val rect = bundle.getParcelable<Rect>("rect") process(rect) // Do more with the parcelable. } }
Java
private final IRectInsideBundle.Stub binder = new IRectInsideBundle.Stub() { public void saveRect(Bundle bundle){ bundle.setClassLoader(getClass().getClassLoader()); Rect rect = bundle.getParcelable("rect"); process(rect); // Do more with the parcelable. } };
调用 IPC 方法
如需调用通过 AIDL 定义的远程接口,请在调用类中执行以下步骤:
- 在项目的
src/
目录中添加.aidl
文件。 - 声明一个
IBinder
接口实例,该实例基于 AIDL 生成。 - 实现
ServiceConnection
。 - 调用
Context.bindService()
,并传入您的ServiceConnection
实现。 - 在
onServiceConnected()
的实现中,您会收到一个名为service
的IBinder
实例。调用YourInterfaceName.Stub.asInterface((IBinder)service)
以将返回的参数转换为YourInterface
类型。 - 调用您在接口上定义的方法。请始终捕获
DeadObjectException
异常,这些异常会在连接中断时抛出。此外,请捕获SecurityException
异常,如果 IPC 方法调用所涉及的两个进程的 AIDL 定义存在冲突,系统会抛出此异常。 - 如要断开连接,请使用接口实例调用
Context.unbindService()
。
调用 IPC 服务时,请牢记以下几点:
- 对象是跨进程计数的引用。
- 您可以将匿名对象作为方法参数发送。
如需详细了解如何绑定到服务,请参阅绑定服务概览。
以下这些示例代码摘自 ApiDemos 项目的远程服务示例,演示了如何调用 AIDL 创建的服务。
Kotlin
private const val BUMP_MSG = 1 class Binding : Activity() { /** The primary interface you call on the service. */ private var mService: IRemoteService? = null /** Another interface you use on the service. */ internal var secondaryService: ISecondary? = null private lateinit var killButton: Button private lateinit var callbackText: TextView private lateinit var handler: InternalHandler private var isBound: Boolean = false /** * Class for interacting with the main interface of the service. */ private val mConnection = object : ServiceConnection { override fun onServiceConnected(className: ComponentName, service: IBinder) { // This is called when the connection with the service is // established, giving us the service object we can use to // interact with the service. We are communicating with our // service through an IDL interface, so get a client-side // representation of that from the raw service object. mService = IRemoteService.Stub.asInterface(service) killButton.isEnabled = true callbackText.text = "Attached." // We want to monitor the service for as long as we are // connected to it. try { mService?.registerCallback(mCallback) } catch (e: RemoteException) { // In this case, the service crashes before we can // do anything with it. We can count on soon being // disconnected (and then reconnected if it can be restarted) // so there is no need to do anything here. } // As part of the sample, tell the user what happened. Toast.makeText( this@Binding, R.string.remote_service_connected, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT ).show() } override fun onServiceDisconnected(className: ComponentName) { // This is called when the connection with the service is // unexpectedly disconnected—that is, its process crashed. mService = null killButton.isEnabled = false callbackText.text = "Disconnected." // As part of the sample, tell the user what happened. Toast.makeText( this@Binding, R.string.remote_service_disconnected, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT ).show() } } /** * Class for interacting with the secondary interface of the service. */ private val secondaryConnection = object : ServiceConnection { override fun onServiceConnected(className: ComponentName, service: IBinder) { // Connecting to a secondary interface is the same as any // other interface. secondaryService = ISecondary.Stub.asInterface(service) killButton.isEnabled = true } override fun onServiceDisconnected(className: ComponentName) { secondaryService = null killButton.isEnabled = false } } private val mBindListener = View.OnClickListener { // Establish a couple connections with the service, binding // by interface names. This lets other applications be // installed that replace the remote service by implementing // the same interface. val intent = Intent(this@Binding, RemoteService::class.java) intent.action = IRemoteService::class.java.name bindService(intent, mConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE) intent.action = ISecondary::class.java.name bindService(intent, secondaryConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE) isBound = true callbackText.text = "Binding." } private val unbindListener = View.OnClickListener { if (isBound) { // If we have received the service, and hence registered with // it, then now is the time to unregister. try { mService?.unregisterCallback(mCallback) } catch (e: RemoteException) { // There is nothing special we need to do if the service // crashes. } // Detach our existing connection. unbindService(mConnection) unbindService(secondaryConnection) killButton.isEnabled = false isBound = false callbackText.text = "Unbinding." } } private val killListener = View.OnClickListener { // To kill the process hosting the service, we need to know its // PID. Conveniently, the service has a call that returns // that information. try { secondaryService?.pid?.also { pid -> // Note that, though this API lets us request to // kill any process based on its PID, the kernel // still imposes standard restrictions on which PIDs you // can actually kill. Typically this means only // the process running your application and any additional // processes created by that app, as shown here. Packages // sharing a common UID are also able to kill each // other's processes. Process.killProcess(pid) callbackText.text = "Killed service process." } } catch (ex: RemoteException) { // Recover gracefully from the process hosting the // server dying. // For purposes of this sample, put up a notification. Toast.makeText(this@Binding, R.string.remote_call_failed, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show() } } // ---------------------------------------------------------------------- // Code showing how to deal with callbacks. // ---------------------------------------------------------------------- /** * This implementation is used to receive callbacks from the remote * service. */ private val mCallback = object : IRemoteServiceCallback.Stub() { /** * This is called by the remote service regularly to tell us about * new values. Note that IPC calls are dispatched through a thread * pool running in each process, so the code executing here is * NOT running in our main thread like most other things. So, * to update the UI, we need to use a Handler to hop over there. */ override fun valueChanged(value: Int) { handler.sendMessage(handler.obtainMessage(BUMP_MSG, value, 0)) } } /** * Standard initialization of this activity. Set up the UI, then wait * for the user to interact with it before doing anything. */ override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.remote_service_binding) // Watch for button taps. var button: Button = findViewById(R.id.bind) button.setOnClickListener(mBindListener) button = findViewById(R.id.unbind) button.setOnClickListener(unbindListener) killButton = findViewById(R.id.kill) killButton.setOnClickListener(killListener) killButton.isEnabled = false callbackText = findViewById(R.id.callback) callbackText.text = "Not attached." handler = InternalHandler(callbackText) } private class InternalHandler( textView: TextView, private val weakTextView: WeakReference<TextView> = WeakReference(textView) ) : Handler() { override fun handleMessage(msg: Message) { when (msg.what) { BUMP_MSG -> weakTextView.get()?.text = "Received from service: ${msg.arg1}" else -> super.handleMessage(msg) } } } }
Java
public static class Binding extends Activity { /** The primary interface we are calling on the service. */ IRemoteService mService = null; /** Another interface we use on the service. */ ISecondary secondaryService = null; Button killButton; TextView callbackText; private InternalHandler handler; private boolean isBound; /** * Standard initialization of this activity. Set up the UI, then wait * for the user to interact with it before doing anything. */ @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.remote_service_binding); // Watch for button taps. Button button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.bind); button.setOnClickListener(mBindListener); button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.unbind); button.setOnClickListener(unbindListener); killButton = (Button)findViewById(R.id.kill); killButton.setOnClickListener(killListener); killButton.setEnabled(false); callbackText = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.callback); callbackText.setText("Not attached."); handler = new InternalHandler(callbackText); } /** * Class for interacting with the main interface of the service. */ private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() { public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) { // This is called when the connection with the service is // established, giving us the service object we can use to // interact with the service. We are communicating with our // service through an IDL interface, so get a client-side // representation of that from the raw service object. mService = IRemoteService.Stub.asInterface(service); killButton.setEnabled(true); callbackText.setText("Attached."); // We want to monitor the service for as long as we are // connected to it. try { mService.registerCallback(mCallback); } catch (RemoteException e) { // In this case the service crashes before we can even // do anything with it. We can count on soon being // disconnected (and then reconnected if it can be restarted) // so there is no need to do anything here. } // As part of the sample, tell the user what happened. Toast.makeText(Binding.this, R.string.remote_service_connected, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) { // This is called when the connection with the service is // unexpectedly disconnected—that is, its process crashed. mService = null; killButton.setEnabled(false); callbackText.setText("Disconnected."); // As part of the sample, tell the user what happened. Toast.makeText(Binding.this, R.string.remote_service_disconnected, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } }; /** * Class for interacting with the secondary interface of the service. */ private ServiceConnection secondaryConnection = new ServiceConnection() { public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) { // Connecting to a secondary interface is the same as any // other interface. secondaryService = ISecondary.Stub.asInterface(service); killButton.setEnabled(true); } public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) { secondaryService = null; killButton.setEnabled(false); } }; private OnClickListener mBindListener = new OnClickListener() { public void onClick(View v) { // Establish a couple connections with the service, binding // by interface names. This lets other applications be // installed that replace the remote service by implementing // the same interface. Intent intent = new Intent(Binding.this, RemoteService.class); intent.setAction(IRemoteService.class.getName()); bindService(intent, mConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE); intent.setAction(ISecondary.class.getName()); bindService(intent, secondaryConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE); isBound = true; callbackText.setText("Binding."); } }; private OnClickListener unbindListener = new OnClickListener() { public void onClick(View v) { if (isBound) { // If we have received the service, and hence registered with // it, then now is the time to unregister. if (mService != null) { try { mService.unregisterCallback(mCallback); } catch (RemoteException e) { // There is nothing special we need to do if the service // crashes. } } // Detach our existing connection. unbindService(mConnection); unbindService(secondaryConnection); killButton.setEnabled(false); isBound = false; callbackText.setText("Unbinding."); } } }; private OnClickListener killListener = new OnClickListener() { public void onClick(View v) { // To kill the process hosting our service, we need to know its // PID. Conveniently, our service has a call that returns // that information. if (secondaryService != null) { try { int pid = secondaryService.getPid(); // Note that, though this API lets us request to // kill any process based on its PID, the kernel // still imposes standard restrictions on which PIDs you // can actually kill. Typically this means only // the process running your application and any additional // processes created by that app as shown here. Packages // sharing a common UID are also able to kill each // other's processes. Process.killProcess(pid); callbackText.setText("Killed service process."); } catch (RemoteException ex) { // Recover gracefully from the process hosting the // server dying. // For purposes of this sample, put up a notification. Toast.makeText(Binding.this, R.string.remote_call_failed, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } } } }; // ---------------------------------------------------------------------- // Code showing how to deal with callbacks. // ---------------------------------------------------------------------- /** * This implementation is used to receive callbacks from the remote * service. */ private IRemoteServiceCallback mCallback = new IRemoteServiceCallback.Stub() { /** * This is called by the remote service regularly to tell us about * new values. Note that IPC calls are dispatched through a thread * pool running in each process, so the code executing here is * NOT running in our main thread like most other things. So, * to update the UI, we need to use a Handler to hop over there. */ public void valueChanged(int value) { handler.sendMessage(handler.obtainMessage(BUMP_MSG, value, 0)); } }; private static final int BUMP_MSG = 1; private static class InternalHandler extends Handler { private final WeakReference<TextView> weakTextView; InternalHandler(TextView textView) { weakTextView = new WeakReference<>(textView); } @Override public void handleMessage(Message msg) { switch (msg.what) { case BUMP_MSG: TextView textView = weakTextView.get(); if (textView != null) { textView.setText("Received from service: " + msg.arg1); } break; default: super.handleMessage(msg); } } } }