تغییرات رفتار: برنامه‌هایی که اندروید 14 یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می‌دهند، تغییرات رفتار: برنامه‌هایی که اندروید 14 یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می‌دهند، تغییرات رفتار: برنامه‌هایی که اندروید 14 یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می‌دهند، تغییرات رفتار: برنامه‌هایی که اندروید 14 یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می‌دهند.

مانند نسخه های قبلی، Android 14 شامل تغییرات رفتاری است که ممکن است بر برنامه شما تأثیر بگذارد. تغییرات رفتاری زیر منحصراً برای برنامه‌هایی اعمال می‌شود که Android 14 (سطح API 34) یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می‌دهند. اگر برنامه شما اندروید 14 یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می دهد، باید برنامه خود را تغییر دهید تا در صورت لزوم از این رفتارها به درستی پشتیبانی کند.

حتماً فهرستی از تغییرات رفتاری را نیز مرور کنید که بر همه برنامه‌های در حال اجرا در Android 14 بدون توجه به targetSdkVersion برنامه تأثیر می‌گذارد.

عملکرد اصلی

انواع خدمات پیش زمینه مورد نیاز است

如果您的应用以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台，则必须为应用中的每个前台服务至少指定一项前台服务类型。您应选择一个能代表应用用例的前台服务类型。系统需要特定类型的前台服务满足特定用例。

如果应用中的用例与这些类型均不相关，强烈建议您迁移逻辑以使用 WorkManager 或用户发起的数据传输作业。

اجرای مجوز BLUETOOTH_CONNECT در آداپتور بلوتوث

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

به روز رسانی OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

  • Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler رفتار برگشت به تماس و شبکه را تقویت می کند

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

کاشی‌ها API را راه‌اندازی می‌کنند

对于以 Android 14 及更高版本为目标平台的应用， TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) 已弃用，现在会抛出 调用时抛出异常。如果您的应用从功能块启动 activity，请使用 TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent)。

حریم خصوصی

دسترسی جزئی به عکس ها و فیلم ها

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

تجربه کاربری

اعلان‌های Intent تمام صفحه را ایمن کنید

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

امنیت

محدودیت برای مقاصد ضمنی و معلق

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，Android 会通过以下方式限制应用向内部应用组件发送隐式 intent：

  • 隐式 intent 只能传送到导出的组件。应用必须使用显式 intent 传送到未导出的组件，或将该组件标记为已导出。
  • 如果应用通过未指定组件或软件包的 intent 创建可变待处理 intent，系统会抛出异常。

这些变更可防止恶意应用拦截意在供应用内部组件使用的隐式 intent。

例如，下面是可以在应用的清单文件中声明的 intent 过滤器：

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

如果应用尝试使用隐式 intent 启动此 activity，则系统会抛出 ActivityNotFoundException 异常：

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

如需启动非导出的 activity，应用应改用显式 intent：

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

گیرنده های پخش ثبت شده در زمان اجرا باید رفتار صادراتی را مشخص کنند

برنامه‌ها و سرویس‌هایی که Android 14 (سطح API 34) یا بالاتر را هدف قرار می‌دهند و از گیرنده‌های ثبت شده در زمینه استفاده می‌کنند، باید پرچمی را مشخص کنند تا نشان دهد گیرنده باید به همه برنامه‌های دیگر دستگاه صادر شود یا نه: به ترتیب RECEIVER_EXPORTED یا RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED . . این نیاز به محافظت از برنامه‌ها در برابر آسیب‌پذیری‌های امنیتی با استفاده از ویژگی‌های این گیرنده‌های معرفی‌شده در Android 13 کمک می‌کند.

استثنا برای گیرنده هایی که فقط پخش سیستم را دریافت می کنند

اگر برنامه شما فقط برای پخش‌های سیستمی از طریق روش‌های Context#registerReceiver ، مانند Context#registerReceiver() یک گیرنده را ثبت می‌کند، پس نباید هنگام ثبت گیرنده پرچمی را مشخص کند.

بارگیری کد پویا ایمن تر

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

محدودیت های اضافی برای شروع فعالیت ها از پس زمینه

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，系统会进一步限制允许应用在后台启动 activity 的时间：

这些更改扩大了一组现有限制条件的范围，目的是防止恶意应用滥用 API 以在后台启动干扰性活动，从而保护用户。

پیمایش مسیر زیپ

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，Android 会通过以下方式防止 Zip 路径遍历漏洞：如果 Zip 文件条目名称包含“..”或以“/”开头，ZipFile(String) 和 ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() 会抛出 ZipException。

应用可以通过调用 dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback() 选择停用此验证。

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException is thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay in either of the following scenarios:

Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single capture session is a single invocation on MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, and each MediaProjection instance must be used only once.

Handle configuration changes

If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay to handle configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing), you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay for the existing MediaProjection instance:

  1. Invoke VirtualDisplay#resize with the new width and height.
  2. Provide a new Surface with the new width and height to VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Register a callback

Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement Callback#onStop and have your app release any related resources (such as the VirtualDisplay and Surface).

If your app doesn't register this callback, MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay throws an IllegalStateException when your app invokes it.

محدودیت‌های غیر SDK به‌روزرسانی شد

Android 14 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 14, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while you can currently use some non-SDK interfaces (depending on your app's target API level), using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you cannot find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

如需详细了解此 Android 版本中的变更，请参阅 Android 14 中有关限制非 SDK 接口的更新。如需全面了解有关非 SDK 接口的详细信息，请参阅对非 SDK 接口的限制。