行为变更：所有应用

Android 14 平台包含一些行为变更，这些变更可能会影响您的应用。以下行为变更将影响在 Android 14 上运行的所有应用，无论采用哪种 targetSdkVersion 都不例外。您应该测试您的应用，然后根据需要进行修改，以适当地支持这些变更。

此外，请务必查看仅影响以 Android 14 为目标平台的应用的行为变更列表。

核心功能

默认拒绝设定精确的闹钟

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

当应用进入缓存时，上下文注册的广播将加入队列

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

应用只能终止自己的后台进程

Starting in Android 14, when your app calls killBackgroundProcesses(), the API can kill only the background processes of your own app.

If you pass in the package name of another app, this method has no effect on that app's background processes, and the following message appears in Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

Your app shouldn't use the killBackgroundProcesses() API or otherwise attempt to influence the process lifecycle of other apps, even on older OS versions. Android is designed to keep cached apps in the background and kill them automatically when the system needs memory. If your app kills other apps unnecessarily, it can reduce system performance and increase battery consumption by requiring full restarts of those apps later, which takes significantly more resources than resuming an existing cached app.

为请求 MTU 的第一个 GATT 客户端将 MTU 设置为 517

从 Android 14 开始，Android 蓝牙堆栈会更严格地遵循 蓝牙核心规范 5.2 版，并在第一个 GATT 客户端使用 BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API 请求 MTU 时将 BLE ATT MTU 请求设为 517 字节，并忽略该 ACL 连接上的所有后续 MTU 请求。

如需解决此更改并使您的应用更为稳健，请考虑以下选项：

  • 您的外围设备应使用外围设备可以容纳的合理值来响应 Android 设备的 MTU 请求。最终协商的值将是 Android 请求的值和远程提供的值（例如 min(517, remoteMtu)）的较小值
    • 实现此修复程序可能需要更新外围设备的固件
  • 或者，您也可以根据外围设备的已知支持值与收到的 MTU 更改值之间的最小值来限制 GATT 特征写入
    • 提醒您，应将标头的支持大小减小 5 个字节
    • 例如：arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

应用被放入受限待机模式存储分区的新原因

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock 限制为 64 KB

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

系统强制执行缓存应用资源用量

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

用户体验

关于不可关闭通知用户体验方式的变更

如果您的应用向用户显示不可关闭的前台通知，请注意：Android 14 已更改此行为，允许用户关闭此类通知。

这项变更适用于阻止用户关闭前台的应用 将 Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT 设置为 Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) 或 NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true)。FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT 的行为已发生变化，使用户实际上能够关闭此类通知。

在以下情况下，此类通知仍不可关闭：

  • 当手机处于锁定状态时
  • 如果用户选择全部清除通知操作（有助于防止意外关闭）

此外，这一新行为不适用于以下用例中的通知：

  • CallStyle 条通知
  • 企业设备政策控制器 (DPC) 和支持软件包
  • 媒体通知
  • 默认的搜索选择器软件包

数据安全信息更显眼

为了加强用户隐私保护，Android 14 增加了系统显示您在 Play 管理中心表单中声明的信息的位置数量。目前，用户可以在 Google Play 中的应用详情的数据安全部分查看此信息。

我们建议您查看应用的位置数据分享政策，并花一点时间对应用的 Google Play“数据安全”部分进行任何适用的更新。

如需了解详情，请参阅有关如何在 Android 14 上以更显眼的方式显示数据安全信息的指南。

无障碍

非线性字体放大至 200%

从 Android 14 开始，系统支持字体放大高达 200%，为弱视用户提供了符合网络内容无障碍指南 (WCAG) 的其他无障碍功能选项。

如果您已使用放大像素 (sp) 单位来定义文本大小，这项更改可能不会对您的应用产生太大影响。不过，您应在启用最大字号 (200%) 的情况下执行界面测试，确保应用能够在不影响易用性的情况下适应较大的字号。

安全

最低可安装的目标 API 级别

Starting with Android 14, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet these minimum target API level requirements improves security and privacy for users.

Malware often targets older API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in newer Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 14 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level will result in an installation failure, with the following message appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 14, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 will remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

媒体所有者软件包名称可能会隐去

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

  • The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.

  • The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.