تغييرات السلوك: جميع التطبيقات

يتضمّن الإصدار 14 من نظام التشغيل Android تغييرات في السلوك قد تؤثّر في تطبيقك. تنطبق تغييرات السلوك التالية على جميع التطبيقات عند تشغيلها على الإصدار 14 من نظام التشغيل Android، بغض النظر عن targetSdkVersion. عليك اختبار تطبيقك ثم تعديله حسب الحاجة ليتوافق مع هذه الإعدادات بشكل صحيح، حيثما ينطبق ذلك.

احرص أيضًا على مراجعة قائمة التغييرات في السلوك التي تؤثّر فقط في التطبيقات التي تستهدف الإصدار 14 من نظام التشغيل Android.

الوظيفة الأساسية

يتم رفض جدولة المنبّهات المحدَّدة الوقت تلقائيًا

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

يتم وضع عمليات البث المسجّلة حسب السياق في قائمة الانتظار أثناء تخزين التطبيقات مؤقتًا

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

يمكن للتطبيقات إنهاء عمليات الخلفية الخاصة بها فقط

بدءًا من الإصدار 14 من نظام التشغيل Android، عندما يطلب تطبيقك killBackgroundProcesses()، لا يمكن لواجهة برمجة التطبيقات إنهاء سوى العمليات التي تعمل في الخلفية لتطبيقك.

إذا مررت اسم الحزمة لتطبيق آخر، فلن يكون لهذه الطريقة أي تأثير في في خلفية هذا التطبيق، وستظهر الرسالة التالية في Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

يجب ألا يستخدم تطبيقك واجهة برمجة التطبيقات killBackgroundProcesses() أو يحاول بأي شكل آخر. للتأثير في دورة حياة عمليات التطبيقات الأخرى، حتى في إصدارات أنظمة التشغيل القديمة. تم تصميم Android للاحتفاظ بالتطبيقات المخزّنة مؤقتًا في الخلفية ومنعها تلقائيًا عندما يحتاج النظام إلى ذاكرة. إذا كان تطبيقك يغلق التطبيقات الأخرى غير الضرورية، يمكن أن يؤدي ذلك إلى تقليل أداء النظام وزيادة استهلاك البطارية من خلال طلب إعادة تشغيل هذه التطبيقات بالكامل لاحقًا، ما يستغرق موارد أكثر بكثير من استئناف تطبيق حالي محفوظ في ذاكرة التخزين المؤقت.

ملاحظة: لا يمكن لأي تطبيق تابع لجهة خارجية تحسين ذاكرة جهاز Android أو استهلاكه للطاقة أو سلوكه الحراري. يجب عليك التأكّد من أنّ تطبيقك متوافقًا مع سياسة Google Play بشأن الادعاءات المضلّلة.

تم ضبط وحدة النقل القصوى (MTU) على 517 لأول عميل GATT يطلب وحدة نقل قصوى.

Starting from Android 14, the Android Bluetooth stack more strictly adheres to Version 5.2 of the Bluetooth Core Specification and requests the BLE ATT MTU to 517 bytes when the first GATT client requests an MTU using the BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API, and disregards all subsequent MTU requests on that ACL connection.

Note: This change doesn't have an impact unless the peripheral device isn't handling the MTU negotiation properly and accepting any MTU size even if it doesn't support it. In such cases, it could cause issues when your app sends large amounts of data from Android 14 devices.

To address this change and make your app more robust, consider the following options:

• Your peripheral device should respond to the Android device's MTU request with a reasonable value that can be accommodated by the peripheral. The final negotiated value will be a minimum of the Android requested value and the remote provided value (for example, min(517, remoteMtu))
  • Implementing this fix could require a firmware update for peripheral
• Alternatively, limit your GATT characteristic writes based on the minimum between the known supported value of your peripheral and the received MTU change
  • A reminder that you should reduce 5 bytes from the supported size for the headers
  • For example: arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

سبب جديد لوضع تطبيق في حزمة وضع الاستعداد المقيد

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

Note: See power management to see how the app is impacted if it is placed into the restricted bucket. The app is moved back to the active bucket when the user launches the app to the foreground, just as in previous Android versions.

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

يقتصر حجم mlock على 64 كيلوبايت

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

يفرض النظام استخدام موارد التطبيقات المخزَّنة مؤقتًا

从设计上讲，当应用的进程移至后台且没有任何其他应用进程组件在运行时，应用进程将处于缓存状态。此类应用进程可能会因系统内存压力而终止。在此状态下，Activity 实例在调用并返回 onStop() 方法后执行的任何工作均不可靠，强烈建议不要这样做。

Android 14 对此设计引入了一致性和强制执行要求。在应用进程进入缓存状态后不久，系统会禁止后台工作，直到进程组件重新进入生命周期的活跃状态。

使用框架支持的典型生命周期 API（例如服务、JobScheduler 和 Jetpack WorkManager）的应用应该不受这些变化的影响。

تجربة المستخدم

التغييرات على تجربة المستخدمين للإشعارات التي لا يمكن إغلاقها

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

• When the phone is locked
• If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

• CallStyle notifications
• Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
• Media notifications
• The default Search Selector package

معلومات "أمان البيانات" أصبحت أكثر وضوحًا

To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.

We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.

Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.

تسهيل الاستخدام

الضبط غير الخطّي لحجم الخط بما يصل إلى ‎200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing users with additional accessibility options.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then this change probably won't have a high impact on your app. However, you should perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

الأمان

الحد الأدنى لمستوى واجهة برمجة التطبيقات المستهدف القابل للتثبيت

Starting with Android 14, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet these minimum target API level requirements improves security and privacy for users.

Malware often targets older API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in newer Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 14 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level will result in an installation failure, with the following message appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 14, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 will remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

قد يتم إخفاء أسماء حِزم مالكي الوسائط

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

• The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.

• The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

  Caution: Use of the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission is subject to Google Play Policy.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.