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将前台服务迁移到用户发起的数据传输作业

Android 14 applies strict rules on when apps are allowed to use foreground services.

Also in Android 14 we are introducing a new API to specify that a job must be a user-initiated data transfer job. This API is helpful for use cases that require longer-duration, user-initiated transferring of data, such as downloading a file from a remote server. These types of tasks should use a user-initiated data transfer job.

User-initiated data transfer jobs are started by the user. These jobs require a notification, start immediately, and may be able to run for an extended period of time as system conditions allow. You can run several user-initiated data transfer jobs concurrently.

User initiated jobs must be scheduled while the application is visible to the user (or in one of the allowed conditions). After all constraints are met, user initiated jobs can be executed by the OS, subject to system health restrictions. The system may also use the provided estimated payload size to determine how long the job executes.

用户发起的数据传输作业的权限

User-initiated data transfer jobs require a new permission to run: RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS. The system grants this permission automatically. The system throws a SecurityException if you do not declare the permission in your app manifest.

安排用户发起的数据传输作业的流程

To run a user initiated job, do the following:

If this is your first time declaring an API with JobScheduler, declare the JobService and associated permissions in your manifest. Also, define a concrete subclass of JobService for your data transfer:

<service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
        android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
        android:exported="false">
        ...
</service>

class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  ...
}

Declare the RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS permission in your manifest:

<manifest ...>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

Call the new setUserInitiated() method when building a JobInfo object. It is also recommended that you offer a payload size estimate by calling setEstimatedNetworkBytes() while creating your job:

val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
        // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements
        .build()

val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder()
        // ...
        .setUserInitiated(true)
        .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder.build())
        .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024)
        // ...
        .build()

Schedule the job before the transfer starts, while the application is visible or in the allowed conditions list:

val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
    context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)

When the job is being executed, ensure you call setNotification() on the JobService object. This value is used to make the user aware that the job is running, both in the Task Manager and in the status bar notification area:

class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
      val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext, NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
              .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
              .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
              .setContentText("Job is running")
              .build()

      setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
              JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
      // Do the job execution.
  }
}

Periodically update the notification to keep the user informed of the job's status and progress. If you cannot determine the transfer size ahead of scheduling the job, or need to update the estimated transfer size, use the new API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes() to update the transfer size after it becomes known.
When execution is complete, call jobFinished() to signal to the system that the job is complete, or that the job should be rescheduled.

可以停止用户发起的数据传输作业

用户和系统都可以停止用户发起的传输作业。

由用户从任务管理器提供

The user can stop a user-initiated data transfer job that appears in the Task Manager.

At the moment that the user presses Stop, the system does the following:

Terminates your app's process immediately, including all other jobs or foreground services running.
Doesn't call onStopJob() for any running jobs.
Prevets user-visible jobs from being rescheduled.

For these reasons, it's recommended to provide controls in the notification posted for the job to allow gracefully stopping and rescheduling the job.

Note that, under special circumstances, the Stop button doesn't appear next to the job in the Task Manager, or the job isn't shown in the Task Manager at all.

由系统提供

Unlike regular jobs, user-initiated data transfer jobs are unaffected by App Standby Buckets quotas. However, the system still stops the job if any of the following conditions occur:

A developer-defined constraint is no longer met.
The system determines that the job has run for longer than necessary to complete the data transfer task.
The system needs to prioritize system health and stop jobs due to increased thermal state.
The app process is killed due to low device memory.

When the job is stopped by the system (not by the low-memory case), the system calls onStopJob(), and the system retries the job at a time that the system deems to be optimal. Check that your app can persist data transfer state, even if onStopJob() isn't called, and that your app can restore this state when onStartJob() is called again.

允许安排用户发起的数据传输作业的条件

Apps can only start a user-initiated data transfer job if the app is in the visible window, or if the certain conditions are met. To determine when a user-initiated data transfer job can be scheduled, the system applies the same list of conditions that allow apps to start an activity from the background in special cases. Notably, this list of conditions are not the same as the set of exemptions for background-started foreground service restrictions.

The exceptions to the previous statement are the following:

If an app can launch activities from the background, they can also launch user-initiated data transfer jobs from the background.
If an app has an activity in the back stack of an existing task on the Recents screen, that alone doesn't allow a user-initiated data transfer job to run.

If the job is scheduled at some other time not listed in the allowed conditions list, the job fails and returns a RESULT_FAILURE error code.

适用于用户发起的数据传输作业的约束条件

为了支持在最佳时间点运行的作业，Android 提供了为每种作业类型分配约束条件的功能。这些约束条件从 Android 13 开始就已经可用。

注意：下表仅比较了因作业类型而异的约束条件。如需了解所有约束条件，请参阅 JobScheduler 开发者页面或工作约束条件。

下表显示了支持给定作业约束条件的不同作业类型，以及 WorkManager 支持的作业约束条件集。您可以使用表格前的搜索栏按作业约束方法的名称过滤表格。

以下是用户发起的数据传输作业允许使用的约束条件：

setBackoffCriteria(JobInfo.BACKOFF_POLICY_EXPONENTIAL)
setClipData()
setEstimatedNetworkBytes()
setMinimumNetworkChunkBytes()
setPersisted()
setNamespace()
setRequiredNetwork()
setRequiredNetworkType()
setRequiresBatteryNotLow()
setRequiresCharging()
setRequiresStorageNotLow()

测试

The following list shows some steps on how to test your app's jobs manually:

To get the job ID, get the value that is defined upon the job being built.
To run a job immediately, or to retry a stopped job, run the following command in a terminal window:
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler run -f APP_PACKAGE_NAME JOB_ID
```
To simulate the system force-stopping a job (due to system health or out-of-quota conditions), run the following command in a terminal window:
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler timeout TEST_APP_PACKAGE TEST_JOB_ID
```