行为变更:以 Android 15 或更高版本为目标平台的应用

与之前的版本一样,Android 15 包含一些行为变更,这些变更可能会影响您的应用。以下行为变更仅影响以 Android 15 或更高版本为目标平台的应用。如果您的应用以 Android 15 或更高版本为目标平台,您应该修改自己的应用以适当地支持这些行为(如果适用)。

此外,请务必查看对 Android 15 上运行的所有应用都有影响的行为变更列表(无论应用的 targetSdkVersion 如何)。

核心功能

Android 15 修改或扩展了 Android 系统的各种核心功能。

前台服务的变更

我们将在 Android 15 中对前台服务进行以下更改。

数据同步前台服务超时行为

对于以 Android 15(API 级别 35)或更高版本为目标平台的应用,Android 15 为 dataSync 引入了新的超时行为。此行为也适用于新的 mediaProcessing 前台服务类型

系统允许应用的 dataSync 服务在 24 小时内共运行 6 小时,之后系统会调用正在运行的服务的 Service.onTimeout(int, int) 方法(在 Android 15 中引入)。此时,服务有几秒钟的时间来调用 Service.stopSelf()。调用 Service.onTimeout() 后,该服务将不再被视为前台服务。如果服务未调用 Service.stopSelf(),系统会抛出内部异常。系统会在 Logcat 中记录此异常,并显示以下消息:

Fatal Exception: android.app.RemoteServiceException: "A foreground service of
type dataSync did not stop within its timeout: [component name]"

为避免此行为变更出现问题,您可以执行以下一项或多项操作:

  1. 让您的服务实现新的 Service.onTimeout(int, int) 方法。当应用收到回调时,请务必在几秒钟内调用 stopSelf()。(如果您不立即停止应用,系统会生成故障。)
  2. 确保应用的 dataSync 服务在任何 24 小时内总运行时间不超过 6 小时(除非用户与应用互动,重置计时器)。
  3. 仅在有直接用户互动时启动 dataSync 前台服务;由于服务启动时应用位于前台,因此您的服务在应用进入后台后有完整的 6 小时时间。
  4. 请使用替代 API,而不是使用 dataSync 前台服务。

如果您的应用的 dataSync 前台服务在过去 24 小时内运行了 6 小时,则您无法启动其他 dataSync 前台服务,除非用户已将您的应用切换到前台(这会重置计时器)。如果您尝试启动其他 dataSync 前台服务,系统会抛出 ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException,并显示类似“前台服务类型 dataSync 的时间限制已用尽”的错误消息。

测试

如需测试应用的行为,即使您的应用并非以 Android 15 为目标平台(只要该应用在 Android 15 设备上运行),您也可以启用数据同步超时。如需启用超时,请运行以下 adb 命令:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_INTRODUCE_TIME_LIMITS your-package-name

您还可以调整超时期限,以便更轻松地测试应用在达到上限时的行为方式。如需设置新的超时期限,请运行以下 adb 命令:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager data_sync_fgs_timeout_duration duration-in-milliseconds

新建媒体处理前台服务类型

Android 15 引入了一种新的前台服务类型 mediaProcessing。此服务类型适用于转码媒体文件等操作。例如,媒体应用可能会下载音频文件,并需要先将其转换为其他格式,然后才能播放。您可以使用 mediaProcessing 前台服务,确保即使应用在后台运行时转换也会继续。

系统允许应用的 mediaProcessing 服务在 24 小时内总共运行 6 小时,之后系统会调用正在运行的服务的 Service.onTimeout(int, int) 方法(在 Android 15 中引入)。此时,服务有几秒钟的时间来调用 Service.stopSelf()。如果服务未调用 Service.stopSelf(),系统会抛出内部异常。系统会在 Logcat 中记录此异常,并显示以下消息:

Fatal Exception: android.app.RemoteServiceException: "A foreground service of
type mediaProcessing did not stop within its timeout: [component name]"

为避免出现此异常,您可以执行以下任一操作:

  1. 让您的服务实现新的 Service.onTimeout(int, int) 方法。当您的应用收到回调时,请务必在几秒钟内调用 stopSelf()。(如果您未立即停止应用,系统会生成失败情况。)
  2. 确保应用的 mediaProcessing 服务在任何 24 小时内总运行时间不超过 6 小时(除非用户与应用互动,重置计时器)。
  3. 仅在有直接用户互动时启动 mediaProcessing 前台服务;由于服务启动时应用位于前台,因此您的服务在应用进入后台后有完整的 6 小时时间。
  4. 请改用 替代 API(例如 WorkManager),而不是使用 mediaProcessing 前台服务。

如果您的应用的 mediaProcessing 前台服务在过去 24 小时内运行了 6 小时,则您无法启动其他 mediaProcessing 前台服务,除非用户将您的应用切换到前台(这会重置计时器)。如果您尝试启动另一个 mediaProcessing 前台服务,系统会抛出 ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException,并显示类似于“前台服务类型 mediaProcessing 的时间限制已用尽”的错误消息。

如需详细了解 mediaProcessing 服务类型,请参阅 Android 15 前台服务类型变更:媒体处理

测试

如需测试应用的行为,您可以启用媒体处理超时,即使您的应用并非以 Android 15 为目标平台也是如此(前提是应用在 Android 15 设备上运行)。如需启用超时,请运行以下 adb 命令:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_INTRODUCE_TIME_LIMITS your-package-name

您还可以调整超时期限,以便更轻松地测试应用在达到上限时的行为方式。如需设置新的超时期限,请运行以下 adb 命令:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager media_processing_fgs_timeout_duration duration-in-milliseconds

对启动前台服务的 BOOT_COMPLETED 广播接收器实施限制

在启动 BOOT_COMPLETED 广播接收器方面存在新限制 前台服务。BOOT_COMPLETED 接收器能启动 以下类型的前台服务:

如果 BOOT_COMPLETED 接收器尝试启动任何上述类型的前台 服务,系统会抛出 ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException

测试

如需测试应用的行为,您可以启用这些新限制,即使您的应用并未以 Android 15 为目标平台(只要应用在 Android 15 设备上运行)也是如此。运行以下 adb 命令:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_BOOT_COMPLETED_RESTRICTIONS your-package-name

如需在不重启设备的情况下发送 BOOT_COMPLETED 广播,请运行以下 adb 命令:

adb shell am broadcast -a android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED your-package-name

限制在应用拥有 SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW 权限时启动前台服务

Previously, if an app held the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission, it could launch a foreground service even if the app was currently in the background (as discussed in exemptions from background start restrictions).

If an app targets Android 15, this exemption is now narrower. The app now needs to have the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission and also have a visible overlay window. That is, the app needs to first launch a TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY window and the window needs to be visible before you start a foreground service.

If your app attempts to start a foreground service from the background without meeting these new requirements (and it does not have some other exemption), the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If your app declares the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission and launches foreground services from the background, it may be affected by this change. If your app gets a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException, check your app's order of operations and make sure your app already has an active overlay window before it attempts to start a foreground service from the background. You can check if your overlay window is currently visible by calling View.getWindowVisibility(), or you can override View.onWindowVisibilityChanged() to get notified whenever the visibility changes.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable these new restrictions even if your app is not targeting Android 15 (as long as the app is running on an Android 15 device). To enable these new restrictions on starting foreground services from the background, run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_SAW_RESTRICTIONS your-package-name

更改了应用何时可以修改“勿扰”模式的全局状态

Apps that target Android 15 (API level 35) and higher can no longer change the global state or policy of Do Not Disturb (DND) on a device (either by modifying user settings, or turning off DND mode). Instead, apps must contribute an AutomaticZenRule, which the system combines into a global policy with the existing most-restrictive-policy-wins scheme. Calls to existing APIs that previously affected global state (setInterruptionFilter, setNotificationPolicy) result in the creation or update of an implicit AutomaticZenRule, which is toggled on and off depending on the call-cycle of those API calls.

Note that this change only affects observable behavior if the app is calling setInterruptionFilter(INTERRUPTION_FILTER_ALL) and expects that call to deactivate an AutomaticZenRule that was previously activated by their owners.

OpenJDK API 变更

Android 15 将继续更新 Android 的核心库,以与最新 OpenJDK LTS 版本中的功能保持一致。

其中一些变更可能会影响以 Android 15(API 级别 35)为目标平台的应用的兼容性:

  • 对字符串格式化 API 的更改:现在,使用以下 String.format()Formatter.format() API 时,对参数索引、标志、宽度和精度的验证更为严格:

    例如,如果使用参数索引 0(格式字符串中的 %0),系统会抛出以下异常:

    IllegalFormatArgumentIndexException: Illegal format argument index = 0
    

    在这种情况下,可以通过使用参数编号 1(格式字符串中的 %1)来解决此问题。

  • Arrays.asList(...).toArray() 的组件类型变更:使用 Arrays.asList(...).toArray() 时,生成数组的组件类型现在为 Object,而不是底层数组元素的类型。因此,以下代码会抛出 ClassCastException

    String[] elements = (String[]) Arrays.asList("one", "two").toArray();
    

    对于这种情况,如需将 String 保留为生成的数组中的组件类型,您可以改用 Collection.toArray(Object[])

    String[] elements = Arrays.asList("two", "one").toArray(new String[0]);
    
  • 语言代码处理方式变更:使用 Locale API 时,希伯来语、意第绪语和印度尼西亚语的语言代码不再转换为已废弃的形式(希伯来语:iw、意第绪语:ji、印度尼西亚语:in)。在为其中一种语言区域指定语言代码时,请改用 ISO 639-1 中的代码(希伯来语:he、意第绪语:yi、印度尼西亚语:id)。

  • 对随机 int 序列的更改:在 https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8301574 中进行更改后,以下 Random.ints() 方法现在返回的数字序列与 Random.nextInt() 方法返回的序列不同:

    通常,此更改不会导致应用出现破坏行为,但您的代码不应预期从 Random.ints() 方法生成的序列与 Random.nextInt() 匹配。

在您更新应用 build 配置中的 compileSdk 以使用 Android 15(API 级别 35)后,新的 SequencedCollection API 可能会影响应用的兼容性:

  • kotlin-stdlib 中的 MutableList.removeFirst()MutableList.removeLast() 扩展函数发生冲突

    Java 中的 List 类型会映射到 Kotlin 中的 MutableList 类型。由于 List.removeFirst()List.removeLast() API 已在 Android 15(API 级别 35)中引入,因此 Kotlin 编译器会将函数调用(例如 list.removeFirst())静态解析为新的 List API,而不是 kotlin-stdlib 中的扩展函数。

    如果将应用重新编译并将 compileSdk 设置为 35 且将 minSdk 设置为 34 或更低级别,然后在 Android 14 及更低版本上运行该应用,系统会抛出运行时错误:

    java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: No virtual method
    removeFirst()Ljava/lang/Object; in class Ljava/util/ArrayList;
    

    Android Gradle 插件中现有的 NewApi lint 选项可以捕获这些新的 API 用法。

    ./gradlew lint
    
    MainActivity.kt:41: Error: Call requires API level 35 (current min is 34): java.util.List#removeFirst [NewApi]
          list.removeFirst()
    

    如需修复运行时异常和 lint 错误,可以在 Kotlin 中将 removeFirst()removeLast() 函数调用分别替换为 removeAt(0)removeAt(list.lastIndex)。如果您使用的是 Android Studio Ladybug | 2024.1.3 或更高版本,则该版本还提供了针对这些错误的快速修复选项。

    如果 lint 选项已停用,请考虑移除 @SuppressLint("NewApi")lintOptions { disable 'NewApi' }

  • 与 Java 中的其他方法冲突

    现有类型中添加了新方法,例如 ListDeque。这些新方法可能与其他接口和类中具有相同名称和参数类型的方法不兼容。如果方法签名发生冲突且不兼容,javac 编译器会输出构建时错误。例如:

    错误示例 1:

    javac MyList.java
    
    MyList.java:135: error: removeLast() in MyList cannot implement removeLast() in List
      public void removeLast() {
                  ^
      return type void is not compatible with Object
      where E is a type-variable:
        E extends Object declared in interface List
    

    错误示例 2:

    javac MyList.java
    
    MyList.java:7: error: types Deque<Object> and List<Object> are incompatible;
    public class MyList implements  List<Object>, Deque<Object> {
      both define reversed(), but with unrelated return types
    1 error
    

    错误示例 3:

    javac MyList.java
    
    MyList.java:43: error: types List<E#1> and MyInterface<E#2> are incompatible;
    public static class MyList implements List<Object>, MyInterface<Object> {
      class MyList inherits unrelated defaults for getFirst() from types List and MyInterface
      where E#1,E#2 are type-variables:
        E#1 extends Object declared in interface List
        E#2 extends Object declared in interface MyInterface
    1 error
    

    如需修复这些构建错误,实现这些接口的类应使用兼容的返回类型替换该方法。例如:

    @Override
    public Object getFirst() {
        return List.super.getFirst();
    }
    

安全

Android 15 中包含一些有助于提升系统安全性的变更,可帮助保护应用和用户免受恶意应用的侵害。

限制后台 activity 启动

Android 15 可保护用户免受恶意应用的侵害,并让用户更好地控制 来防止恶意后台应用 将其他应用置于前台、提升其权限以及滥用 用户互动自以下时间以来,后台活动启动一直受到限制 Android 10(API 级别 29)。

禁止与堆栈中的顶部 UID 不匹配的应用启动 activity

恶意应用可以在同一任务中启动另一个应用的 activity,然后 叠加在上面,营造出像该应用一样的错觉。这个“任务” 劫持"攻击绕过了当前的后台启动限制, 会发生在同一个可见任务中。为了降低这种风险,Android 15 新增了 用于阻止与堆栈中的顶层 UID 不匹配的应用启动的标志 活动。如需选择启用应用的所有活动,请更新 allowCrossUidActivitySwitchFromBelow 属性:AndroidManifest.xml

<application android:allowCrossUidActivitySwitchFromBelow="false" >

如果满足以下所有条件,则启用新的安全措施:

  • 执行启动的应用以 Android 15 为目标平台。
  • 任务堆栈顶部的应用以 Android 15 为目标平台。
  • 所有可见活动都已选择启用新保护措施

如果启用了安全措施,应用可能会返回主屏幕,而不是返回 最后一个可见应用(如果他们自行完成任务)。

其他变更

除了限制 UID 匹配之外,这些其他变更也 包括:

  • 更改 PendingIntent 创作者,以阻止后台活动启动,具体方法是: 默认。这有助于防止应用意外创建 可能被恶意操作者滥用的 PendingIntent
  • 请勿将应用调到前台,除非 PendingIntent 发送者 允许它。此变更旨在防止恶意应用滥用 在后台启动 activity 的功能。默认情况下,应用 允许将任务堆栈转到前台,除非创建者允许 后台活动启动权限或发送者有后台活动 启动权限
  • 控制任务堆栈的顶层 activity 完成其任务的方式。如果 顶层 activity 完成一项任务后,Android 会返回到之前执行的 上次活动时间。此外,如果非顶层 activity 完成其任务,Android 将 返回主屏幕;因此不会阻碍这个非顶层的 活动。
  • 防止将其他应用中的任意 activity 启动到您自己的 activity 任务。这项变更旨在防止恶意应用 看起来像是来自其他应用的活动
  • 禁止将不可见窗口视为后台活动 发布。这有助于防止恶意应用滥用后台 activity 来向用户显示不需要或恶意的内容。

更安全的 intent

Android 15 引入了新的可选安全措施,以提高 intent 的安全性和稳健性。这些变更旨在防止潜在的漏洞以及恶意应用可能利用的 intent 滥用行为。Android 15 对 intent 的安全性进行了两项主要改进:

  • 与目标 intent 过滤器匹配:定位到特定组件的 intent 必须与目标的 intent 过滤器规范完全匹配。如果您发送 intent 来启动其他应用的 activity,目标 intent 组件需要与接收 activity 声明的 intent 过滤器保持一致。
  • intent 必须具有操作:没有操作的 intent 将不再与任何 intent 过滤器匹配。这意味着,用于启动 activity 或服务的 intent 必须具有明确定义的操作。

如需检查您的应用对这些更改的响应方式,请在应用中使用 StrictMode。如需查看有关 Intent 使用违规行为的详细日志,请添加以下方法:

Kotlin


fun onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(VmPolicy.Builder()
        .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
        .build()
    )
}

Java


public void onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(new VmPolicy.Builder()
            .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
            .build());
}

用户体验和系统界面

Android 15 进行了一些更改,旨在打造更一致、更直观的用户体验。

窗口边衬区更改

Android 15 中有两个与窗口边衬区相关的变更:默认强制执行无边框模式;还存在配置变更,例如系统栏的默认配置。

全面实施政策

Apps are edge-to-edge by default on devices running Android 15 if the app is targeting Android 15 (API level 35).

An app that targets Android 14 and is not edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device.


An app that targets Android 15 (API level 35) and is edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. This app mostly uses Material 3 Compose Components that automatically apply insets. This screen is not negatively impacted by the Android 15 edge-to-edge enforcement.

This is a breaking change that might negatively impact your app's UI. The changes affect the following UI areas:

  • Gesture handle navigation bar
    • Transparent by default.
    • Bottom offset is disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
    • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor are deprecated and don't affect gesture navigation.
    • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced continue to have no effect on gesture navigation.
  • 3-button navigation
    • Opacity set to 80% by default, with color possibly matching the window background.
    • Bottom offset disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
    • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor are set to match the window background by default. The window background must be a color drawable for this default to apply. This API is deprecated but continues to affect 3-button navigation.
    • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced is true by default, which adds an 80% opaque background across 3-button navigation.
  • Status bar
    • Transparent by default.
    • The top offset is disabled so content draws behind the status bar unless insets are applied.
    • setStatusBarColor and R.attr#statusBarColor are deprecated and have no effect on Android 15.
    • setStatusBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#statusBarContrastEnforced are deprecated but still have an effect on Android 15.
  • Display cutout
    • layoutInDisplayCutoutMode of non-floating windows must be LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. SHORT_EDGES, NEVER, and DEFAULT are interpreted as ALWAYS so that users don't see a black bar caused by the display cutout and appear edge-to-edge.

The following example shows an app before and after targeting Android 15 (API level 35), and before and after applying insets.

An app that targets Android 14 and is not edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device.
An app that targets Android 15 (API level 35) and is edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. However, many elements are now hidden by the status bar, 3-button navigation bar, or display cutout due to the Android 15 edge-to-edge enforcements. Hidden UI includes the Material 2 top app bar, floating action buttons, and list items.
An app that targets Android 15 (API level 35), is edge to edge on an Android 15 device and applies insets so that UI is not hidden.
What to check if your app is already edge-to-edge

If your app is already edge-to-edge and applies insets, you are mostly unimpacted, except in the following scenarios. However, even if you think you aren't impacted, we recommend you test your app.

  • You have a non-floating window, such as an Activity that uses SHORT_EDGES, NEVER or DEFAULT instead of LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. If your app crashes on launch, this might be due to your splashscreen. You can either upgrade the core splashscreen dependency to 1.2.0-alpha01 or later or set window.attributes.layoutInDisplayCutoutMode = WindowManager.LayoutInDisplayCutoutMode.always.
  • There might be lower-traffic screens with occluded UI. Verify these less-visited screens don't have occluded UI. Lower-traffic screens include:
    • Onboarding or sign-in screens
    • Settings pages
What to check if your app is not already edge-to-edge

If your app is not already edge-to-edge, you are most likely impacted. In addition to the scenarios for apps that are already edge-to-edge, you should consider the following:

  • If your app uses Material 3 Components ( androidx.compose.material3) in compose, such as TopAppBar, BottomAppBar, and NavigationBar, these components are likely not impacted because they automatically handle insets.
  • If your app is using Material 2 Components ( androidx.compose.material) in Compose, these components don't automatically handle insets. However, you can get access to the insets and apply them manually. In androidx.compose.material 1.6.0 and later, use the windowInsets parameter to apply the insets manually for BottomAppBar, TopAppBar, BottomNavigation, and NavigationRail. Likewise, use the contentWindowInsets parameter for Scaffold.
  • If your app uses views and Material Components (com.google.android.material), most views-based Material Components such as BottomNavigationView, BottomAppBar, NavigationRailView, or NavigationView, handle insets and require no additional work. However, you need to add android:fitsSystemWindows="true" if using AppBarLayout.
  • For custom composables, apply the insets manually as padding. If your content is within a Scaffold, you can consume insets using the Scaffold padding values. Otherwise, apply padding using one of the WindowInsets.
  • If your app is using views and BottomSheet, SideSheet or custom containers, apply padding using ViewCompat.setOnApplyWindowInsetsListener. For RecyclerView, apply padding using this listener and also add clipToPadding="false".
What to check if your app must offer custom background protection

If your app must offer custom background protection to 3-button navigation or the status bar, your app should place a composable or view behind the system bar using WindowInsets.Type#tappableElement() to get the 3-button navigation bar height or WindowInsets.Type#statusBars.

Additional edge-to-edge resources

See the Edge to Edge Views and Edge to Edge Compose guides for additional considerations on applying insets.

Deprecated APIs

The following APIs are deprecated but not disabled:

The following APIs are deprecated and disabled:

稳定配置

如果您的应用以 Android 15(API 级别 35)或更高版本为目标平台,Configuration 不再排除系统栏。如果您使用 Configuration 类中的屏幕尺寸进行布局计算,应根据需要将其替换为合适的 ViewGroupWindowInsetsWindowMetricsCalculator 等更好的替代方案。

Configuration 从 API 1 开始提供。它通常从 Activity.onConfigurationChanged 中获取。它提供窗口密度、屏幕方向和尺寸等信息。从 Configuration 返回的窗口大小的一个重要特征是,它之前会排除系统栏。

配置大小通常用于资源选择(例如 /res/layout-h500dp),这仍然是一个有效的用例。不过,我们一直不建议将其用于布局计算。如果确实如此,您应暂时放弃。您应根据自己的用例,将 Configuration 的使用替换为更合适的用法。

如果您使用它来计算布局,请使用适当的 ViewGroup,例如 CoordinatorLayoutConstraintLayout。如果您使用它来确定系统侧边栏的高度,请使用 WindowInsets。如果您想知道应用窗口的当前大小,请使用 computeCurrentWindowMetrics

以下列表介绍了受此变更影响的字段:

elegantTextHeight 属性的默认值为 true

For apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute becomes true by default, replacing the compact font used by default with some scripts that have large vertical metrics with one that is much more readable. The compact font was introduced to prevent breaking layouts; Android 13 (API level 33) prevents many of these breakages by allowing the text layout to stretch the vertical height utilizing the fallbackLineSpacing attribute.

In Android 15, the compact font still remains in the system, so your app can set elegantTextHeight to false to get the same behavior as before, but it is unlikely to be supported in upcoming releases. So, if your app supports the following scripts: Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai, test your app by setting elegantTextHeight to true.

elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) and lower.
elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 15.

复杂字母形状的 TextView 宽度变化

在以前的 Android 版本中,某些具有复杂形状的手写字体或语言可能会在上一个或下一个字符的区域绘制字母。在某些情况下,此类字母会在开头或结尾处被剪裁。从 Android 15 开始,TextView 会分配宽度,以便为此类字母绘制足够的空间,并允许应用请求向左额外添加内边距以防止剪裁。

由于此更改会影响 TextView 确定宽度的方式,因此如果应用以 Android 15(API 级别 35)或更高版本为目标平台,TextView 会默认分配更多宽度。您可以通过对 TextView 调用 setUseBoundsForWidth API 来启用或停用此行为。

由于添加左内边距可能会导致现有布局未对齐,因此默认情况下不会添加内边距,即使以 Android 15 或更高版本为目标平台的应用也是如此。不过,您可以通过调用 setShiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang 添加额外的内边距以防止剪裁。

以下示例展示了这些更改如何改进某些字体和语言的文本布局。

采用手写体字体的英语文本的标准布局。部分字母被截断。对应的 XML 如下:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java" />
相同英语文本的布局,增加了宽度和内边距。以下是相应的 XML:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang="true" />
泰语文本的标准布局。部分字母被截断。 以下是相应的 XML:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์" />
相同泰语文本的布局,增加了宽度和内边距。以下是相应的 XML:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang="true" />

EditText 的语言区域感知默认行高

In previous versions of Android, the text layout stretched the height of the text to meet the line height of the font that matched the current locale. For example, if the content was in Japanese, because the line height of the Japanese font is slightly larger than the one of a Latin font, the height of the text became slightly larger. However, despite these differences in line heights, the EditText element was sized uniformly, regardless of the locale being used, as illustrated in the following image:

Three boxes representing EditText elements that can contain text from English (en), Japanese (ja), and Burmese (my). The height of the EditText is the same, even though these languages have different line heights from each other.

For apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), a minimum line height is now reserved for EditText to match the reference font for the specified Locale, as shown in the following image:

Three boxes representing EditText elements that can contain text from English (en), Japanese (ja), and Burmese (my). The height of the EditText now includes space to accommodate the default line height for these languages' fonts.

If needed, your app can restore the previous behavior by specifying the useLocalePreferredLineHeightForMinimum attribute to false, and your app can set custom minimum vertical metrics using the setMinimumFontMetrics API in Kotlin and Java.

摄像头和媒体

对于以 Android 15 或更高版本为目标平台的应用,Android 15 对相机和媒体行为做出了以下变更。

有关请求音频焦点的限制

以 Android 15 为目标平台的应用必须是顶级应用或运行前台服务,才能请求音频焦点。如果应用在不符合其中任何一项要求时尝试请求焦点,该调用将返回 AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED

您可以参阅管理音频焦点,详细了解音频焦点。

更新后的非 SDK 限制

Android 15 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 15, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while it's possible for your app to access some non-SDK interfaces depending on your app's target API level, using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you can't find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

如需详细了解此 Android 版本中的变更,请参阅 Android 15 中有关限制非 SDK 接口的更新。如需全面了解有关非 SDK 接口的详细信息,请参阅对非 SDK 接口的限制