Android 15 平台包含一些可能会影响您的应用的行为变更。以下行为变更将影响在 Android 15 上运行的所有应用,无论采用哪种 targetSdkVersion
都不例外。您应该测试您的应用,然后根据需要进行修改,以适当地支持这些变更。
此外,请务必查看仅影响以 Android 15 为目标平台的应用的行为变更列表。
核心功能
Android 15 修改或扩展了 Android 系统的各种核心功能。
对软件包停止状态的更改
The intention of the package FLAG_STOPPED
state (which users
can engage in AOSP builds by long-pressing an app icon and selecting "Force
Stop") has always been to keep apps in this state until the user explicitly
removes the app from this state by directly launching the app or indirectly
interacting with the app (through the sharesheet or a widget, selecting the app
as live wallpaper, etc.). In Android 15, we've updated the behavior of the
system to be aligned with this intended behavior. Apps should only be removed
from the stopped state through direct or indirect user action.
To support the intended behavior, in addition to the existing restrictions, the
system also cancels all pending intents when the app enters the
stopped state on a device running Android 15. When the user's actions remove the
app from the stopped state, the ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED
broadcast is delivered to the app providing an opportunity to re-register any
pending intents.
You can call the new
ApplicationStartInfo.wasForceStopped()
method to confirm whether the app was put into the stopped state.
支持 16 KB 页面大小
Android 过去仅支持 4 KB 内存页面大小, 优化了系统内存性能,以针对 Android 设备通常具备的功能。从 Android 15 开始,AOSP 支持 配置为使用 16 KB (16 KB) 页面大小的设备 设备)。如果您的应用使用任何 NDK 库,请直接使用 或者通过 SDK 间接创建,那么,您需要重新构建自己的应用 支持这些 16KB 设备。
随着设备制造商不断打造出 物理内存 (RAM),许多此类设备都会采用 16KB(以及 页面大小以优化设备的性能。正在添加 支持 16 KB 页面大小的设备,可使您的应用在这些设备上运行 并有助于您的应用从相关的广告效果中获益 改进。如果不重新编译,应用可能无法在 16KB 设备上运行 在未来的 Android 版本中正式推出。
为帮助您为应用添加支持,我们提供了有关如何检查 如果您的应用受到影响 重新构建您的应用(如果适用),以及如何在 Google Play 中 使用模拟器(包括 Android 15)的 16 KB 环境 系统映像)。
优势和性能提升
配置为使用 16 KB 页面大小的设备平均会使用略多一些的内存,但系统和应用的性能也会得到各种提升:
- 缩短了系统内存压力时的应用启动时间:平均降低了 3.16%;对于我们测试的某些应用而言,改进幅度更大(最高可达 30%)
- 应用启动期间的功耗降低:平均降低了 4.56%
- 相机启动更快:热启动速度平均提高了 4.48%,冷启动速度平均提高了 6.60%
- 缩短了系统启动时间:平均缩短了 8%(约 950 毫秒)
这些改进基于我们的初始测试,实际设备上的结果可能会有所不同。随着测试的继续进行,我们将进一步分析应用的潜在收益。
检查您的应用是否受到影响
如果您的应用使用了任何原生代码,则应重新构建应用以支持 16 KB 设备。如果您不确定自己的应用是否使用了原生代码,可以使用 APK 分析器确定是否存在任何原生代码,然后检查您找到的任何共享库的 ELF 段对齐情况。
如果您的应用仅使用以 Java 或 Kotlin 编程语言编写的代码(包括所有库或 SDK),则该应用已经支持 16 KB 设备。不过,我们建议您在 16 KB 环境中测试应用,以验证应用行为是否没有意外回归。
某些应用支持私密空间所需的更改
Private space is a new feature in Android 15 that lets users create a separate space on their device where they can keep sensitive apps away from prying eyes, under an additional layer of authentication. Because apps in the private space have restricted visibility, some types of apps need to take additional steps to be able to see and interact with apps in a user's private space.
All apps
Because apps in the private space are kept in a separate user profile, similar to work profiles, apps shouldn't assume that any installed copies of their app that aren't in the main profile are in the work profile. If your app has logic related to work profile apps that make this assumption, you'll need to adjust this logic.
Medical apps
When a user locks the private space, all apps in the private space are stopped, and those apps can't perform foreground or background activities, including showing notifications. This behavior might critically impact the use and function of medical apps installed in the private space.
The private space setup experience warns users that the private space is not suitable for apps that need to perform critical foreground or background activities, such as showing notifications from medical apps. However, apps can't determine whether or not they're being used in the private space, so they can't show a warning to the user for this case.
For these reasons, if you develop a medical app, review how this feature might impact your app and take appropriate actions—such as informing your users not to install your app in the private space—to avoid disrupting critical app capabilities.
Launcher apps
If you develop a launcher app, you must do the following before apps in the private space will be visible:
- Your app must be assigned as the default launcher app for the device—that
is, possessing the
ROLE_HOME
role. - Your app must declare the
ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES
normal permission in your app's manifest file.
Launcher apps that declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES
permission must handle
the following private space use cases:
- Your app must have a separate launcher container for apps installed in the
private space. Use the
getLauncherUserInfo()
method to determine which type of user profile is being handled. - The user must be able to hide and show the private space container.
- The user must be able to lock and unlock the private space container. Use
the
requestQuietModeEnabled()
method to lock (by passingtrue
) or unlock (by passingfalse
) the private space. While locked, no apps in the private space container should be visible or discoverable through mechanisms such as search. Your app should register a receiver for the
ACTION_PROFILE_AVAILABLE
andACTION_PROFILE_UNAVAILABLE
broadcasts and update the UI in your app when the locked or unlocked state of the private space container changes. Both of these broadcasts includeEXTRA_USER
, which your app can use to refer to the private profile user.You can also use the
isQuietModeEnabled()
method to check whether the private space profile is locked or not.
App store apps
The private space includes an "Install Apps" button that launches an implicit
intent to install apps into the user's private space. In order for your app to
receive this implicit intent, declare an <intent-filter>
in your app's manifest file with a <category>
of
CATEGORY_APP_MARKET
.
移除了基于 PNG 的表情符号字体
The legacy, PNG-based emoji font file (NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf
) has been
removed, leaving just the vector-based file. Beginning with Android 13 (API
level 33), the emoji font file used by the system emoji renderer changed from a
PNG-based file to a vector based file. The system retained
the legacy font file in Android 13 and 14 for compatibility reasons, so that
apps with their own font renderers could continue to use the legacy font file
until they were able to upgrade.
To check if your app is affected, search your app's code for references to the
NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf
file.
You can choose to adapt your app in a number of ways:
- Use platform APIs for text rendering. You can render text to a bitmap-backed
Canvas
and use that to get a raw image if necessary. - Add COLRv1 font support to your app. The FreeType open source library supports COLRv1 in version 2.13.0 and higher.
- As a last resort, you can bundle the legacy emoji font file
(
NotoColorEmoji.ttf
) into your APK, although in that case your app will be missing the latest emoji updates. For more information, see the Noto Emoji GitHub project page.
将最低目标 SDK 版本从 23 提高到了 24
Android 15 builds on the
the changes that were made in Android 14 and extends this
security further. In Android 15, apps with a
targetSdkVersion
lower than 24 can't be installed.
Requiring apps to meet modern API levels helps to ensure better security and
privacy.
Malware often targets lower API levels in order to bypass security and privacy
protections that have been introduced in higher Android versions. For example,
some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion
of 22 to avoid being subjected to the
runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API
level 23). This Android 15 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security
and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API
level results in an installation failure, with a message like the following one
appearing in Logcat:
INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 24, but found 7
On devices upgrading to Android 15, any apps with a targetSdkVersion
lower
than 24 remain installed.
If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:
adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk
安全和隐私设置
Android 15 introduces robust measures to combat one-time passcode (OTP) fraud and to protect the user's sensitive content, focusing on hardening the Notification Listener Service and screenshare protections. Key enhancements include redacting OTPs from notifications accessible to untrusted apps, hiding notifications during screenshare, and securing app activities when OTPs are posted. These changes aim to keep the user's sensitive content safe from unauthorized actors.
Developers need to be aware of the following to ensure their apps are compatible with the changes in Android 15:
OTP Redaction
Android will stop untrusted apps that implement a
NotificationListenerService
from reading unredacted content
from notifications where an OTP has been detected. Trusted apps such as
companion device manager associations are exempt from these restrictions.
Screenshare Protection
- Notification content is hidden during screen sharing sessions to preserve
the user's privacy. If the app implements
setPublicVersion()
, Android shows the public version of the notification which serves as a replacement notification in insecure contexts. Otherwise, the notification content is redacted without any further context. - Sensitive content like password input is hidden from remote viewers to prevent revealing the user's sensitive information.
- Activities from apps that post notifications during screenshare where an OTP has been detected will be hidden. App content is hidden from the remote viewer when launched.
- Beyond Android's automatic identification of sensitive fields, developers
can manually mark parts of their app as sensitive using
setContentSensitivity
, which is hidden from remote viewers during screenshare. - Developers can choose to toggle the Disable screen share protections option under Developer Options to be exempted from the screenshare protections for demo or testing purposes. The default system screen recorder is exempted from these changes, since the recordings remain on-device.
摄像头和媒体
Android 15 对所有应用的相机和媒体行为做出了以下更改。
当达到资源限制时,直接和分流音频播放会使之前打开的直接或分流音轨失效
Before Android 15, if an app requested direct or offload audio playback while
another app was playing audio and the resource limits were reached, the app
would fail to open a new AudioTrack
.
Beginning with Android 15, when an app requests direct or offload
playback and the resource
limits are reached, the system invalidates any currently open
AudioTrack
objects which prevent fulfilling the new track request.
(Direct and offload audio tracks are typically opened for playback of compressed audio formats. Common use-cases for playing direct audio include streaming encoded audio over HDMI to a TV. Offload tracks are typically used to play compressed audio on a mobile device with hardware DSP acceleration.)
用户体验和系统界面
Android 15 进行了一些更改,旨在打造更一致、更直观的用户体验。
为选择启用预测性返回手势的应用启用预测性返回动画
从 Android 15 开始,移除了预测性返回动画的开发者选项。现在,对于已完全或在 activity 级别选择启用预测性返回手势的应用,系统现在会显示“返回主屏幕”“跨任务”和“跨 activity”等系统动画。如果您的应用受到影响,请执行以下操作:
- 确保您的应用已正确迁移,以使用预测性返回手势。
- 确保您的 fragment 转换支持预测性返回导航。
- 停止使用动画和框架转换,并改用 Animator 和 AndroidX 转换。
- 从
FragmentManager
不知道的返回堆栈中迁出。请改用由FragmentManager
或 Navigation 组件管理的返回堆栈。
当用户强制停止应用时,微件被停用
如果用户在搭载 Android 15 的设备上强行停止某个应用,系统会暂时停用该应用的所有 widget。这些 widget 会灰显,用户无法与它们互动。这是因为,从 Android 15 开始,当应用被强行停止时,系统会取消应用的所有待处理 intent。
系统会在用户下次启动应用时重新启用这些 widget。
如需了解详情,请参阅对软件包停止状态的更改。
媒体投影状态栏条状标签会提醒用户正在共享屏幕、投放和录制
Benefits and performance gains
Check if your app is impacted
废弃
随着每个版本的发布,特定的 Android API 可能会过时或需要进行重构,以提供更好的开发者体验或支持新的平台功能。在这些情况下,我们会正式废弃过时的 API,并引导开发者改用替代 API。
废弃意味着我们已结束对这些 API 的正式支持,但它们将继续可供开发者使用。如需详细了解此 Android 版本中的重要弃用情况,请参阅“弃用”页面。