行为变更：以 Android 16 或更高版本为目标平台的应用

与早期版本一样，Android 16 包含一些行为变更，这些变更可能会影响您的应用。以下行为变更仅影响以 Android 16 或更高版本为目标平台的应用。如果您的应用以 Android 16 或更高版本为目标平台，您应该修改自己的应用以支持这些行为（如果适用）。

请务必查看对 Android 16 上运行的所有应用都有影响的行为变更列表（无论应用的 targetSdkVersion 如何）。

用户体验和系统界面

Android 16（API 级别 36）进行了以下更改，旨在打造更一致、更直观的用户体验。

无边框设计停用退出选项

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16 Beta 3, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

需要迁移或停用预测性返回

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs. or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

The predictive back-to-home animation.

The predictive cross-activity animation.

The predictive cross-task animation.

优雅字体 API 已废弃并停用

以 Android 15（API 级别 35）为目标平台的应用的 elegantTextHeight TextView 属性默认设置为 true，从而将紧凑字体替换为更易于阅读的字体。您可以通过将 elegantTextHeight 属性设置为 false 来替换此设置。

Android 16 弃用了 elegantTextHeight 属性，并且在您的应用以 Android 16 为目标平台后，系统会忽略该属性。这些 API 控制的“界面字体”即将停用，因此您应调整所有布局，以确保以阿拉伯语、老挝语、缅甸语、泰米尔语、古吉拉特语、卡纳达语、马拉雅拉姆语、奥里亚语、泰卢固语或泰语呈现一致且可持续的文字。

对于以 Android 14（API 级别 34）及更低版本为目标平台的应用，或者对于以 Android 15（API 级别 35）为目标平台且通过将 elegantTextHeight 属性设为 false 替换了默认值的应用，elegantTextHeight 行为。

对于以 Android 16 为目标平台的应用，或者对于未通过将 elegantTextHeight 属性设置为 false 来替换默认值的以 Android 15（API 级别 35）为目标平台的应用，elegantTextHeight 行为。

核心功能

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含以下更改，用于修改或扩展 Android 系统的各种核心功能。

固定费率工作调度优化

在以 Android 16 为目标平台之前，如果 scheduleAtFixedRate 因不在有效的进程生命周期内而错过了任务执行，则当应用返回到有效的生命周期时，所有错过的执行会立即执行。

以 Android 16 为目标平台时，当应用返回到有效的生命周期时，系统会立即执行最多 1 次未执行的 scheduleAtFixedRate 执行。此行为变更预计会提升应用性能。在您的应用中测试此行为，检查您的应用是否受到影响。您还可以使用应用兼容性框架并启用 STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS 兼容性标志进行测试。

设备规格

Android 16（API 级别 36）对应用在大屏设备上显示时做出了以下更改。

自适应布局

现在，Android 应用可在各种设备（例如手机、平板电脑、可折叠设备、桌面设备、汽车和电视）上运行，并且在大屏设备上支持多种窗口模式（例如分屏和桌面窗口模式），因此开发者应构建能够适应任何屏幕和窗口大小的 Android 应用，无论设备屏幕方向如何。在当今的多设备时代，限制屏幕方向和尺寸调整等范式过于严格。

忽略屏幕方向、尺寸可调整性和宽高比限制

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，Android 16 对系统管理屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制的方式进行了更改。在最小宽度大于等于 600dp 的显示屏上，这些限制不再适用。无论宽高比或用户的首选屏幕方向如何，应用都会填满整个显示窗口，并且不会使用信箱模式。

此变更引入了新的标准平台行为。Android 正在朝着一种模式发展，即应用应适应各种屏幕方向、显示大小和宽高比。固定屏幕方向或尺寸可调整性受限等限制会妨碍应用自适应，因此我们建议让应用自适应，以提供尽可能出色的用户体验。

您还可以使用应用兼容性框架并启用 UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT 兼容性标志来测试此行为。

常见的破坏性更改

忽略屏幕方向、可调整大小和宽高比限制可能会影响应用在某些设备上的界面，尤其是专为锁定在纵向模式的小布局设计的元素：例如，拉伸的布局、屏幕外动画和组件等问题。对宽高比或屏幕方向做出的任何假设都可能会导致应用出现视觉问题。详细了解如何避免这些问题并改进应用的自适应行为。

允许设备旋转会导致重新创建更多 activity，如果未正确保留用户状态，可能会导致丢失用户状态。如需了解如何正确保存界面状态，请参阅保存界面状态。

实现细节

在大屏设备上，以下清单属性和运行时 API 会在全屏和多窗口模式下被忽略：

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

系统会忽略 screenOrientation、setRequestedOrientation() 和 getRequestedOrientation() 的以下值：

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

关于显示屏可调整大小，android:resizeableActivity="false"、android:minAspectRatio 和 android:maxAspectRatio 没有任何影响。

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，系统会默认在大屏设备上忽略应用屏幕方向、可调整大小和宽高比限制，但所有尚未完全准备就绪的应用都可以通过选择停用此功能来暂时替换此行为（这会导致之前将应用置于兼容模式的行为）。

异常

在以下情况下，Android 16 的屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制不适用：

• 游戏（基于 android:appCategory 标志）
• 用户在设备的宽高比设置中明确选择启用应用的默认行为
• 小于 sw600dp 的屏幕

暂时停用

如需停用特定 activity，请声明 PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY 清单属性：

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

如果应用的太多部分不支持 Android 16，您可以在应用级别应用相同的属性，以完全停用该功能：

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

重要提示： 停用此功能只是暂时性的，在未来的 Android 版本中以 API 级别 37 为目标平台时，此停用设置将不适用。也就是说，对于以 API 级别 37 为目标平台的应用，系统会忽略屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制，前提是屏幕至少为 sw600dp。

健康与健身

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含与健康与健身数据相关的以下变更。

健康与健身权限

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

Important: Failure to provide the rationale for mobile apps will result in the permission being revoked.

连接

Android 16（API 级别 36）在蓝牙堆栈中进行了以下更改，以改善与外围设备的连接。

用于处理键绑定丢失和加密更改的新 intent

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

  The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

  Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

  If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

  The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

  In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

移除蓝牙配对的新方法

All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a public API in CompanionDeviceManager. If a companion device is being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int) API on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

安全

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含安全方面的以下变更。

MediaStore 版本锁定

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

更安全的 intent

“更安全的 intent”功能是一项分阶段的安全计划，旨在提高 Android intent 解析机制的安全性。该目标是通过在 intent 处理期间添加检查并过滤不符合特定条件的 intent，保护应用免受恶意操作的侵害。

在 Android 15 中，该功能侧重于发送应用，而现在在 Android 16 中，该功能将控制权转移给接收应用，让开发者可以选择使用应用清单启用严格的 intent 解析。

我们将实施以下两项重大变更：

1. 显式 intent 必须与目标组件的 intent 过滤器相匹配：如果 intent 明确定位到某个组件，则应与该组件的 intent 过滤器相匹配。

2. 没有操作的 intent 无法与任何 intent 过滤器匹配：未指定操作的 intent 不应解析为任何 intent 过滤器。

这些更改仅适用于涉及多个应用的情况，不会影响单个应用内的 intent 处理。

影响

这种“用户选择启用”的特性意味着，开发者必须在应用清单中明确启用该功能，才能使其生效。因此，只有开发者符合以下条件的应用会受到该功能的影响：

• 了解“更安全的 intent”功能及其优势。
• 主动选择在应用中采用更严格的 intent 处理做法。

这种“用户选择接受”方法可最大限度地降低破坏可能依赖于当前安全性较低的 intent 解析行为的现有应用的风险。

虽然在 Android 16 中的初始影响可能有限，但“更安全的 intent”计划制定了路线图，以便在未来的 Android 版本中产生更广泛的影响。我们的计划是最终将严格的 intent 解析作为默认行为。

通过提高恶意应用利用 intent 解析机制中的漏洞的难度，更安全的 intent 功能有望显著增强 Android 生态系统的安全性。

不过，必须谨慎管理向“用户选择拒绝才无效”和强制执行过渡，以解决与现有应用的潜在兼容性问题。

实现

开发者需要在应用清单中使用 intentMatchingFlags 属性明确启用更严格的 intent 匹配。以下示例展示了如何为整个应用选择启用该功能，但在接收器上停用/选择停用该功能：

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

注意： 此属性可在 <application> 标记以及 <activity>、<activity-alias>、<receiver>、<service>、<provider> 等组件标记中指定，并且组件上的属性可用于替换 <application> 标记上的属性

有关支持的标志的更多信息：

标志名称	说明
enforceIntentFilter	对传入 intent 强制执行更严格的匹配
none	停用针对传入 intent 的所有特殊匹配规则。指定多个标志时，系统会通过将“none”标志的优先级设为最高来解析冲突的值
allowNullAction	放宽匹配规则，以允许没有匹配操作的 intent。此标志应与“enforceIntentFilter”结合使用，以实现特定行为

测试和调试

强制执行生效后，如果 intent 调用方已正确填充 intent，应用应能正常运行。不过，被屏蔽的 intent 会触发带有标记 "PackageManager." 的警告日志消息，例如 "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" 和 "Access blocked:"。这表示可能存在影响应用且需要注意的潜在问题。

Logcat 过滤条件：

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

隐私设置

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含以下隐私权变更。

本地网络权限

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

App Low Level Network Operation	Local Network Permission Required
Making an outgoing TCP connection	yes
Accepting incoming TCP connections	yes
Sending a UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast	yes
Receiving an incoming UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast	yes

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Note: Traffic originating from Android Webviews that require local network access will inherit permission state from the host app

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Note: Many media casting scenarios depend on access to the local network and will be impacted by this change. However, not all apps which offer casting will need to request the new permission. Future APIs and guidance for dealing with casting scenarios will be provided in 25Q4.

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Note: In a future Android release, this feature will be guarded by a new permission in the Nearby devices permission group

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Permission	Outbound LAN Request	Outbound/Inbound Internet Request	Inbound LAN Request
Granted	Works	Works	Works
Not Granted	Fails	Works	Fails

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

应用拥有的照片

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.