行为变更：以 Android 17 或更高版本为目标平台的应用

与之前的版本一样，Android 17 包含一些可能会影响应用的行为变更。以下行为变更仅影响以 Android 17 或更高版本为目标平台的应用。如果您的应用以 Android 17 或更高版本为目标平台，则应根据情况修改应用，以支持这些行为。

无论应用的 targetSdkVersion 为何，都请务必查看对 Android 17 上运行的所有应用都有影响的行为变更列表。

注意： 本页列出了一些比较重要的变更。如需了解更多详细信息，请参阅 Android 17 版本说明。

核心功能

Android 17 包含以下变更，这些变更会修改或扩展 Android 系统的各种核心功能。

MessageQueue 的新无锁实现

Beginning with Android 17, apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher receive a new lock-free implementation of android.os.MessageQueue. The new implementation improves performance and reduces missed frames, but may break clients that reflect on MessageQueue private fields and methods.

For more information, including mitigation strategies, see MessageQueue behavior change guidance.

静态 final 字段现在不可修改

Apps running on Android 17 or higher that target Android 17 (API level 37) or higher cannot change static final fields. If an app attempts to change a static final field by using reflection, it will cause an IllegalAccessException. Attempting to modify one of these fields through JNI APIs (such as SetStaticLongField()) will cause the app to crash.

无障碍

Android 17 进行了以下变更，以改进无障碍功能。

复杂 IME 实体键盘输入的无障碍支持

This feature introduces new AccessibilityEvent and TextAttribute APIs to enhance screen reader spoken feedback for CJKV language input. CJKV IME apps can now signal whether a text conversion candidate has been selected during text composition. Apps with edit fields can specify text change types when sending text changed accessibility events. For example, apps can specify that a text change occurred during text composition, or that a text change resulted from a commit. Doing this enables accessibility services such as screen readers to deliver more precise feedback based on the nature of the text modification.

App adoption

• IME Apps: When setting composing text in edit fields, IMEs can use TextAttribute.Builder.setTextSuggestionSelected() to indicate whether a specific conversion candidate was selected.

• Apps with Edit Fields: Apps that maintain a custom InputConnection can retrieve candidate selection data by calling TextAttribute.isTextSuggestionSelected(). These apps should then call AccessibilityEvent.setTextChangeTypes() when dispatching TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGED events. Apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) that use the standard TextView will have this feature enabled by default. (That is, TextView will handle retrieving data from the IME and setting text change types when sending events to accessibility services).

• Accessibility Services: Accessibility services that process TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGED events can call AccessibilityEvent.getTextChangeTypes() to identify the nature of the modification and adjust their feedback strategies accordingly.

隐私权

Android 17 包含以下变更，旨在提升用户隐私保护。

已启用 ECH（加密客户端 Hello）

Android 17 introduces platform support for Encrypted Client Hello (ECH), a TLS extension that enhances user privacy by encrypting the Server Name Indication (SNI) in the TLS handshake. This encryption helps prevent network observers from easily identifying the specific domain your app is connecting to.

For apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, ECH is used for TLS connections. ECH is active only if the networking library used by the app (for example, HttpEngine, WebView, or OkHttp) has integrated ECH support and the remote server also supports the ECH protocol. If ECH cannot be negotiated, the client sends an ECH extension with randomized contents (a mechanism called ECH GREASE). See RFC 9849 for more details on how ECH GREASE works.

To allow apps to customize this behavior, Android 17 adds a new <domainEncryption> element to the Network Security Configuration file. Developers can use <domainEncryption> within <base-config> or <domain-config> tags to select an ECH mode (for example, "enabled" or "disabled") on a global or per-domain basis.

For more information, see the Encrypted Client Hello documentation.

以 Android 17 为目标平台的应用需要本地网络权限

Android 17 引入了 ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK 运行时权限，以保护用户免遭未经授权的本地网络访问。由于此权限属于现有的 NEARBY_DEVICES 权限组，因此系统不会再次提示已授予其他 NEARBY_DEVICES 权限的用户。这项新要求可防止恶意应用利用不受限制的本地网络访问权限进行隐秘的用户跟踪和指纹识别。通过声明和请求此权限，您的应用可以发现并连接到局域网 (LAN) 中的设备，例如智能家居设备或投屏接收器。

以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台的应用现在可以通过两种方式与 LAN 设备保持通信：采用系统介导的、可保护隐私的设备选择器来跳过权限提示，或者在运行时明确请求此新权限以保持本地网络通信。

如需了解详情，请参阅本地网络权限文档。

注意： 在 Android 16 中，应用可以选择启用本地网络权限。 自 Android 17 起，以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台的应用必须强制执行此项检查。

在实体设备上隐藏密码

如果应用以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台，并且用户使用的是实体输入设备（例如外接键盘），Android 操作系统会对密码字段中的所有字符应用新的 show_passwords_physical 设置。默认情况下，该设置会隐藏所有密码字符。

Android 系统会显示用户最后输入的密码字符，以帮助用户查看是否输错了密码。不过，对于较大的外接键盘，此功能就没那么必要了。此外，配备外接键盘的设备通常具有较大的显示屏，这会增加他人看到输入密码的风险。

如果用户使用的是设备触摸屏，系统会应用新的 show_passwords_touch 设置。

针对标准短信的 OTP 保护

Beginning with Android 17, Android is extending its SMS OTP protection to apply to standard SMS messages (SMS messages containing an OTP that do not use the WebOTP or SMS Retriever formats). For most apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, these SMS messages do not become available until three hours after receipt. This delay is intended to help prevent OTP hijacking. During this three hour delay, the SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION broadcast is withheld and SMS provider database queries are filtered. The SMS message is available to these apps after the delay.

Certain apps such as the default SMS assistant app, connected device companion apps, etc., are exempted from this delay. All apps that rely on reading SMS messages for OTP extraction should transition to using SMS Retriever or SMS User Consent APIs to ensure continued functionality.

Note: Additional SMS OTP protections for WebOTP and SMS Retriever format messages apply to all apps, regardless of their target API level. For more information, see SMS OTP protection in the Behavior changes for all apps documentation.

安全

Android 17 对设备和应用安全性进行了以下改进。

活动安全性

在 Android 17 中，平台继续向“默认安全”架构转变，引入了一系列旨在缓解网络钓鱼、互动劫持和混淆代理攻击等高严重性漏洞的增强功能。此更新要求开发者明确选择启用新的安全标准，以保持应用兼容性和用户保护。

对开发者的主要影响包括：

• BAL 安全加固和改进的选择启用： 我们正在优化后台活动启动 (BAL) 限制，方法是将保护范围扩展到 IntentSender。开发者必须从旧版 MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED 常量迁移。相反，您应 采用精细控制，例如 MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOW_IF_VISIBLE，它将 活动启动限制为调用应用可见的场景，从而显著 缩小攻击面。
• 采用工具： 开发者应利用严格模式和更新后的 lint 检查来识别旧版模式，并确保为未来的目标 SDK 要求做好准备。

默认启用 CT

如果应用以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台，则默认启用证书透明度 (CT)。（在 Android 16 上，CT 可用，但应用必须选择启用。）

更安全的原生 DCL - C

If your app targets Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, the Safer Dynamic Code Loading (DCL) protection introduced in Android 14 for DEX and JAR files now extends to native libraries.

All native files loaded using System.load() must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws UnsatisfiedLinkError.

We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

限制 CP2 数据视图中的 PII 字段

对于以 Android 17（API 级别 Android 17（API 级别 37））及更高版本为目标平台的应用，联系人提供程序 2 (CP2) 会限制数据视图中包含某些个人身份信息 (PII) 的列。启用此变更后，这些列将从数据视图中移除，以增强用户隐私保护。 受限列包括：

• ACCOUNT_NAME
• ACCOUNT_TYPE
• ACCOUNT_TYPE_AND_DATA_SET

如果应用正在使用 ContactsContract.Data 中的这些列，则可以通过与 RAW_CONTACT_ID 联接，改为从 ContactsContract.RawContacts 中提取这些列。

在 CP2 中强制执行严格的 SQL 检查

对于以 Android 17（API 级别 37）及更高版本为目标平台的应用，当在没有 READ_CONTACTS 权限的情况下访问 ContactsContract.Data 表时，联系人提供程序 2 (CP2) 会强制执行严格的 SQL 查询验证。

在此项更改生效后，如果应用没有 READ_CONTACTS 权限，则在查询 ContactsContract.Data 表时会设置 StrictColumns 和 StrictGrammar 选项。如果查询使用的模式与这些模式不兼容，则会被拒绝并导致抛出异常。

媒体

Android 17 针对媒体行为做了以下更改。

后台音频安全加固

Beginning with Android 17, the audio framework enforces restrictions on background audio interactions including audio playback, audio focus requests, and volume change APIs to ensure that these changes are started intentionally by the user.

Some audio restrictions apply to all apps. However, the restrictions are more stringent if an app targets Android 17 (API level 37). If one of these apps interacts with audio while it is in the background, it must have a foreground service running. In addition, the app must meet one or both of these requirements:

• The foreground service must have while-in-use (WIU) capabilities.
• The app must have the exact alarm permission and be interacting with USAGE_ALARM audio streams.

For more information, including mitigation strategies, see Background audio hardening.

设备规格

Android 17 包含以下变更，可改善各种尺寸和外形规格的设备上的用户体验。

平台 API 变更，用于忽略大屏设备 (sw>=600dp) 上的屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制

我们在 Android 16 中引入了平台 API 变更，以 忽略屏幕方向、 宽高比和尺寸调整能力限制（针对大型屏幕，sw >= 600dp），适用于面向 API 级别 36 或更高级别的应用。开发者可以选择使用 SDK 36 退出这些变更，但对于面向 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高级别的应用，此退出选项将不再可用。

如需了解详情，请参阅忽略屏幕方向和尺寸调整能力限制。

连接

Android 17 引入了以下变更，以提高一致性并与蓝牙 RFCOMM 套接字的标准 Java InputStream 行为保持一致。

针对 RFCOMM 的一致 BluetoothSocket read() 行为

For apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37), the read() method of the InputStream obtained from an RFCOMM-based BluetoothSocket now returns -1 when the socket is closed or the connection is dropped.

This change makes RFCOMM socket behavior consistent with LE CoC sockets and aligns with the standard InputStream.read() documentation, which states that -1 is returned when the end of the stream is reached.

Apps that rely solely on catching an IOException to break out of a read loop may be impacted by this change and should update the BluetoothSocket read loops to explicitly check for a return value of -1. This ensures the loop terminates correctly when the remote device disconnects or the socket is closed. For an example of the recommended implementation, see the code snippet in the Transfer Bluetooth data guide.