与之前的版本一样,Android 17 包含一些可能会影响应用的行为变更。以下行为变更仅影响以 Android 17 或更高版本为目标平台的应用。如果您的应用以 Android 17 或更高版本为目标平台,您应该修改自己的应用以支持这些行为(如果适用)。
无论应用的 targetSdkVersion 为何,都请务必查看对 Android 17 上运行的所有应用都有影响的行为变更列表。
用户体验和系统界面
Android 17 包含以下变更,旨在打造更一致、更直观的用户体验。
内存上限微件
从 Android 17 开始,系统会对以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台的应用的 RemoteViews 更新强制执行严格的内存限制。当应用将 RemoteViews 对象传递给 AppWidgetManager.updateAppWidget 时,system_server 会计算载荷中每个方向和大小存储桶中所有图片数据的总内存占用。如果总内存超出系统上限 (mMaxWidgetBitmapMemory),系统会拒绝更新并抛出 IllegalArgumentException:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: RemoteViews for widget update exceeds maximum bitmap memory usage (used: XXXXX, max: YYYYY)
对于以 API 级别 36 或更低级别为目标平台的应用,系统会将此内存违规行为记录为警告 (Slog.w),而不会抛出异常。
Android skills
在 GitHub 上查看管理 AppWidget 更新和位图内存
android skills add glance-appwidget-updates-and-memory系统如何计算内存上限
系统会将活跃显示配置的 widget 位图内存预算设置为 6 * width * height 字节(1.5 * 4 * width * height,相当于全屏 ARGB_8888 缓冲区大小的 1.5 倍)。在 API 级别 37 及更高级别下,此计算包括以下两项:
- 存储在
RemoteViews.mBitmapCache中的内存中Bitmap和位图支持的Icon对象(Icon.TYPE_BITMAP和Icon.TYPE_ADAPTIVE_BITMAP),例如对setImageViewBitmap、Icon.createWithBitmap、Icon.createWithAdaptiveBitmap或 Jetpack GlanceImageProvider(bitmap)的调用。mBitmapCache中每个唯一的Bitmap或位图支持的Icon实例在每个RemoteViews层次结构中都会被计数一次。 - URI 支持的图片(
Icon.createWithContentUri、setImageViewUri或 GlanceImageProvider(uri))不计入system_server中的RemoteViewsIPC 字节上限,但 widget 宿主进程会以完整分辨率将引用的content://文件解码到其自己的堆中。在通过FileProviderURI 公开降采样图片之前,请务必先将其写入context.cacheDir。
缓解步骤
为了确保在手机、平板电脑和可折叠设备上,微件更新不会超出内存上限,请执行以下操作:
根据
WindowMetrics计算运行时内存预算:在 API 级别 30 及更高级别,从WindowManager.currentWindowMetrics.bounds而不是resources.displayMetrics读取活动窗口边界。在多分辨率设备和可折叠设备上,displayMetrics可能会报告非活动显示屏尺寸。将总微件图片预算估算为6L * bounds.width() * bounds.height(),如以下示例所示:private const val FALLBACK_MAX_BYTES = 15_000_000L fun calculateWidgetMemoryCapBytes(context: Context): Long { if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) { val wm = context.getSystemService(WindowManager::class.java) ?: return FALLBACK_MAX_BYTES val bounds = wm.currentWindowMetrics.bounds return 6L * bounds.width().toLong() * bounds.height().toLong() } val dm = context.resources.displayMetrics return 6L * dm.widthPixels.toLong() * dm.heightPixels.toLong() }将图片降采样到微件的可查看尺寸,并使用
RGB_565:使用 2 的幂BitmapFactory.Options.inSampleSize值(大小为微件的最大显示尺寸 [maxWidthDpxmaxHeightDp])解码位图,并对不透明的照片和缩略图使用Bitmap.Config.RGB_565(每个像素2字节)而不是ARGB_8888(每个像素4字节)。在 Jetpack Glance 中,将位图解码提升到
provideContent之外:使用SizeMode.Responsive或SizeMode.Exact时,Glance 会针对每个尺寸分桶调用一次provideContentlambda。在调用provideContent之前,在provideGlance中对每个共享的Bitmap解码一次,以便所有大小存储桶都引用RemoteViews.mBitmapCache中的同一Bitmap实例。替换图片时使用完整的
updateAppWidget调用:在传统AppWidgetProvider实现中,避免调用AppWidgetManager.partiallyUpdateAppWidget来交换Bitmap或Icon视图。部分更新会将新操作合并到system_server中的现有RemoteViews树中,而不会逐出之前缓存的映像操作。构建完整的RemoteViews布局,并改为调用updateAppWidget。提供错误后备布局:在 Jetpack Glance 中,替换
onCompositionError,以便在更新失败时呈现零位图RemoteViews后备。
您可以通过运行以下命令,在已连接的设备上检查微件当前的序列化位图内存用量:
adb shell dumpsys appwidget
核心功能
Android 17 包含以下变更,这些变更会修改或扩展 Android 系统的各种核心功能。
MessageQueue 的全新无锁实现
从 Android 17 开始,以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台的应用会收到 android.os.MessageQueue 的全新无锁实现。新实现可提升性能并减少丢帧,但可能会破坏反映 MessageQueue 私有字段和方法的客户端。
如需了解详情(包括缓解措施),请参阅 MessageQueue 行为变更指南。
静态 final 字段现在不可修改
在 Android 17 或更高版本上运行且以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台的应用无法更改 static final 字段。如果应用尝试使用反射来更改 static final 字段,则会导致 IllegalAccessException。尝试通过 JNI API(例如 SetStaticLongField())修改其中一个字段会导致应用崩溃。
无障碍
Android 17 进行了以下更改,以改进无障碍功能。
复杂 IME 实体键盘输入的无障碍支持
This feature introduces new AccessibilityEvent and TextAttribute
APIs to enhance screen reader spoken feedback for CJKV language input. CJKV IME
apps can now signal whether a text conversion candidate has been selected during
text composition. Apps with edit fields can specify text change types when
sending text changed accessibility events.
For example, apps can specify that a text change occurred during text
composition, or that a text change resulted from a commit.
Doing this enables accessibility
services such as screen readers to deliver more precise feedback based on the
nature of the text modification.
App adoption
IME Apps: When setting composing text in edit fields, IMEs can use
TextAttribute.Builder.setTextSuggestionSelected()to indicate whether a specific conversion candidate was selected.Apps with Edit Fields: Apps that maintain a custom
InputConnectioncan retrieve candidate selection data by callingTextAttribute.isTextSuggestionSelected(). These apps should then callAccessibilityEvent.setTextChangeTypes()when dispatchingTYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGEDevents. Apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) that use the standardTextViewwill have this feature enabled by default. (That is,TextViewwill handle retrieving data from the IME and setting text change types when sending events to accessibility services).Accessibility Services: Accessibility services that process
TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGEDevents can callAccessibilityEvent.getTextChangeTypes()to identify the nature of the modification and adjust their feedback strategies accordingly.
隐私权
Android 17 包含以下旨在改进用户隐私保护的变更。
已启用 ECH(加密客户端 Hello)
Android 17 introduces platform support for Encrypted Client Hello (ECH), a TLS extension that enhances user privacy by encrypting the Server Name Indication (SNI) in the TLS handshake. This encryption helps prevent network observers from easily identifying the specific domain your app is connecting to.
For apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, ECH is used for TLS connections. ECH is active only if the networking library used by the app (for example, HttpEngine, WebView, or OkHttp) has integrated ECH support and the remote server also supports the ECH protocol. If ECH cannot be negotiated, the client sends an ECH extension with randomized contents (a mechanism called ECH GREASE). See RFC 9849 for more details on how ECH GREASE works.
To allow apps to customize this behavior, Android 17 adds a new
<domainEncryption> element to the Network Security Configuration file.
Developers can use <domainEncryption> within <base-config> or
<domain-config> tags to select an ECH mode (for example,
"enabled" or "disabled") on a global or per-domain basis.
For more information, see the Encrypted Client Hello documentation.
以 Android 17 为目标平台的应用需要本地网络权限
Android 17 引入了 ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK 运行时权限,以保护用户免遭未经授权的本地网络访问。由于此权限属于现有的 NEARBY_DEVICES 权限组,因此系统不会再次提示已授予其他 NEARBY_DEVICES 权限的用户。这项新要求可防止恶意应用利用不受限制的本地网络访问权限进行隐蔽的用户跟踪和指纹识别。通过声明和请求此权限,您的应用可以发现并连接到局域网 (LAN) 上的设备,例如智能家居设备或投屏接收器。
以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台的应用现在可以通过两种方式与局域网设备保持通信:采用系统介导、可保护隐私的设备选择器来跳过权限提示,或在运行时明确请求这项新权限,以保持本地网络通信。
如需了解详情,请参阅本地网络权限文档。
在实体设备上隐藏密码
If an app targets Android 17 (API level 37) or higher and the user is using
a physical input device (for example, an external keyboard), the Android
operating system applies the new show_passwords_physical setting to all
characters in the password field. By default, that setting hides all password
characters.
The Android system shows the last-typed password character to help the user see if they mistyped the password. However, this is much less necessary with larger external keyboards. In addition, devices with external keyboards often have larger displays, which increases the danger of someone seeing the typed password.
If the user is using the device's touchscreen, the system applies the new
show_passwords_touch setting.
针对标准短信的动态密码保护
Beginning with Android 17, Android is extending its SMS OTP protection
to apply to standard SMS messages (SMS messages containing an OTP that do not
use the WebOTP or SMS Retriever formats). For most apps targeting
Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, these SMS messages do not become
available until three hours after receipt. This delay is intended to help
prevent OTP hijacking. During this three hour delay, the
SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION broadcast is withheld and
SMS provider database queries are filtered. The SMS message is
available to these apps after the delay.
Certain apps such as the default SMS assistant app, connected device companion apps, etc., are exempted from this delay. All apps that rely on reading SMS messages for OTP extraction should transition to using SMS Retriever or SMS User Consent APIs to ensure continued functionality.
安全
Android 17 对设备和应用安全性进行了以下改进。
Activity 安全性
在 Android 17 中,平台继续向“默认安全”架构转变,引入了一系列旨在缓解高严重性漏洞利用(例如钓鱼式攻击、互动劫持和混淆代理攻击)的增强功能。此次更新要求开发者明确选择启用新的安全标准,以保持应用兼容性并保护用户。
对开发者产生的主要影响包括:
- BAL 强化和改进的选择启用:我们正在优化后台 activity 启动 (BAL) 限制,将保护范围扩展到
IntentSender。开发者必须停止使用旧版MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED常量。相反,您应该采用精细控制,例如MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOW_IF_VISIBLE,它会将 activity 启动限制在调用应用可见的场景中,从而显著减少攻击面。 - 采用工具:开发者应利用严格模式和更新后的 lint 检查来识别旧版模式,并确保为未来的目标 SDK 要求做好准备。
默认启用 CT
如果应用以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台,则默认启用证书透明度 (CT)。(在 Android 16 中,CT 可用,但应用必须选择启用。)
更安全的原生 DCL - C
If your app targets Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, the Safer Dynamic Code Loading (DCL) protection introduced in Android 14 for DEX and JAR files now extends to native libraries.
All native files loaded using System.load() must be marked as read-only.
Otherwise, the system throws UnsatisfiedLinkError.
We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.
限制 CP2 数据视图中的 PII 字段
对于以 Android 17(API 级别 37)及更高版本为目标平台的应用,Contacts Provider 2 (CP2) 会限制数据视图中包含个人身份信息 (PII) 的某些列。启用此变更后,系统会从数据视图中移除这些列,以加强用户隐私保护。 受限列包括:
使用 ContactsContract.Data 中这些列的应用可以改为通过与 RAW_CONTACT_ID 联接,从 ContactsContract.RawContacts 中提取这些列。
在 CP2 中强制执行严格的 SQL 检查
对于以 Android 17(API 级别 37)及更高版本为目标平台的应用,如果在没有 READ_CONTACTS 权限的情况下访问 ContactsContract.Data 表,Contacts Provider 2 (CP2) 会强制执行严格的 SQL 查询验证。
做出此项更改后,如果应用没有 READ_CONTACTS 权限,则在查询 ContactsContract.Data 表时会设置 StrictColumns 和 StrictGrammar 选项。如果查询使用的模式与这些模式不兼容,则会被拒绝并导致抛出异常。
智能
Android 17 包含对系统智能的以下变更。
废弃 setContentCaptureEnabled
在某些设备上,内容捕获功能默认处于启用状态,以便设备端 AI 功能分析屏幕内容,从而提供智能体验。
从 Android 17 开始,ContentCaptureManager.setContentCaptureEnabled(boolean) API 方法已被废弃。对于以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台的应用,调用 setContentCaptureEnabled(false) 不再会停用内容捕获功能。
如果您的应用需要继续停用内容捕获功能或限制系统捕获屏幕内容,您必须改用 FLAG_SECURE 窗口布局参数。
如需停用内容捕获,请在窗口中设置 FLAG_SECURE 标志,如以下示例所示:
Kotlin
window.setFlags(
WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_SECURE,
WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_SECURE
)
Java
getWindow().setFlags(
WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_SECURE,
WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_SECURE
);
如需了解详情,请参阅 WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_SECURE 参考文档。
媒体
Android 17 包含以下媒体行为变更。
后台音频强化
Beginning with Android 17, the audio framework enforces restrictions on background audio interactions including audio playback, audio focus requests, and volume change APIs to ensure that these changes are started intentionally by the user.
Some audio restrictions apply to all apps. However, the restrictions are more stringent if an app targets Android 17 (API level 37). If one of these apps interacts with audio while it is in the background, it must have a foreground service running. In addition, the app must meet one or both of these requirements:
- The foreground service must have while-in-use (WIU) capabilities.
- The app must have the exact alarm permission and be interacting with
USAGE_ALARMaudio streams.
For more information, including mitigation strategies, see Background audio hardening.
设备规格
Android 17 包含以下变更,旨在提升各种尺寸和外形规格的设备上的用户体验。
平台 API 变更,在大屏设备 (sw>=600dp) 上忽略屏幕方向、尺寸调整和宽高比限制
We introduced Platform API changes in Android 16 to ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions on large screens (sw >= 600dp) for apps targeting API level 36 or higher. Developers have the option to opt out of these changes with SDK 36, but this opt-out will no longer be available for apps that target Android 17 (API level 37) or higher.
For more information, see Restrictions on orientation and resizability are ignored.
连接
Android 17 引入了以下变更,以提高一致性并与蓝牙 RFCOMM 套接字的标准 Java InputStream 行为保持一致。
RFCOMM 的 BluetoothSocket read() 行为保持一致
For apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37), the
read() method of the InputStream obtained from an
RFCOMM-based BluetoothSocket now returns -1 when the
socket is closed or the connection is dropped.
This change makes RFCOMM socket behavior consistent with LE CoC sockets and
aligns with the standard InputStream.read()
documentation, which states that -1 is returned when the end of the stream is
reached.
Apps that rely solely on catching an IOException to break out of a read loop may
be impacted by this change and should update the BluetoothSocket read loops to
explicitly check for a return value of -1. This ensures the loop terminates
correctly when the remote device disconnects or the socket is closed. For an
example of the recommended implementation, see the
code snippet in the Transfer Bluetooth data
guide.