行为变更：所有应用

Android 17 平台包含一些行为变更，这些变更可能会影响您的应用。 以下行为变更将影响在 Android 17 上运行的 所有应用， 无论其采用哪种 targetSdkVersion 都不例外。您应该测试您的应用，然后根据需要酌情修改，以便支持这些变更。

此外，请务必查看仅影响以 Android 17 为目标平台的应用的行为变更列表 。

注意： 本页列出了一些较为重要的变更。如需了解更多详细 信息，请参阅 Android 17 版本说明。

核心功能

Android 17（API 级别 37）包含以下变更，这些变更会修改或扩展 Android 系统的各种核心功能。

应用内存限制

Android 17 introduces app memory limits based on the device's total RAM to create a more stable and deterministic environment for your apps and Android users. These limits focus on memory leaks and other outliers before they trigger system-wide instability resulting in UI stuttering, higher battery drain, and apps being killed. While we anticipate minimal impact on the vast majority of app sessions, we recommend the following memory best practices, including establishing a baseline for memory.

You can determine if your app session was impacted by calling getDescription in ApplicationExitInfo; if your app was affected, the exit reason will be REASON_OTHER and the description will contain the string "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" along with other information. You can also use trigger-based profiling with TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY to get heap dumps that are collected when the memory limit is hit.

The Manage your app's memory documentation gives information to help you diagnose your app's memory issues and optimize its resource consumption.

Test your app's behavior under the memory constraints

You can use Android Debug Bridge (adb) to adjust or disable the memory limits on any device that imposes them. The shell command am provides three subcommands to adjust the memory limits. (These commands have no effect on a device which does not impose memory limits.)

• am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|all
• am memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|none
• am memory-limiter status

ignore

Instructs the memory limiter to ignore some or all processes. Passing a UID (Android User ID) instructs the memory limiter to ignore enforcement on all processes associated with that UID. You can also pass all (ignore all apps) or none (do not ignore any apps). Passing none overrides any previous calls to am memory-limiter ignore.

If you instruct the memory limiter to ignore a UID, you can still apply a manual memory limit to a process within the app by calling am memory-limiter manual.

manual

Instructs the system to impose a memory constraint on the process with the specified PID (Process ID). The memory constraint is specified as an integer number of MB; for example, passing 30 specifies that the process is limited to 30 MB of memory. Passing max removes all memory limits on that process. Passing none removes any manual limits set on the process, restoring the system's default limit (if any).

status

Reports the current status of the memory limiter. The status includes the memory limits imposed on visible and non-visible processes.

隐私权

Android 17 包含以下变更，旨在提升用户隐私保护。

短信 OTP 保护

Beginning with Android 17, Android is expanding its protection for SMS messages containing one-time passwords (OTP).

In previous versions of Android, this protection was primarily focused on the SMS Retriever format. Delivery of messages containing an SMS retriever hash was delayed for most apps for three hours. However, certain apps (like the default SMS handler) were exempt from the delay, and the app that owned the hash was also exempted.

Beginning with Android 17, the protection is also applied to WebOTP format messages. If an app has permission to read SMS messages but is not the intended recipient of a WebOTP message (as determined by domain verification), the message is not accessible to the app until three hours after the message's receipt. This change is intended to improve user security by ensuring that only apps associated with the domain mentioned in the message can programmatically read the verification code.

During this three hour delay, the SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION broadcast is withheld and SMS provider database queries are filtered. The SMS message is available to these apps after the delay. This change applies to all apps, regardless of their target API level.

Certain apps such as the default SMS assistant app, connected device companion apps, etc., are exempted from this delay. All apps that rely on reading SMS messages for OTP extraction should transition to using SMS Retriever or SMS User Consent APIs to ensure continued functionality.

Note: If your app targets Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, this protection is also extended to standard SMS messages. For more information, see OTP protection for standard SMS messages in the Behavior changes: Apps targeting Android 17 documentation.

安全

Android 17 包含以下改进，旨在提升设备和应用安全性。

usesClearTraffic 弃用计划

In a future release, we plan to deprecate the usesCleartextTraffic element. Apps that need to make unencrypted (HTTP) connections should migrate to using a network security configuration file, which lets you specify which domains your app needs to make cleartext connections to.

Be aware that network security configuration files are only supported on API levels 24 and higher. If your app has a minimum API level lower than 24, you should do both of the following:

• Set the usesCleartextTraffic attribute to true
• Use a network configuration file

If your app's minimum API level is 24 or higher, you can use a network configuration file and you don't need to set usesCleartextTraffic.

限制隐式 URI 授予

目前，如果应用启动的 intent 具有 URI，且该 URI 具有操作 ACTION_SEND、ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE或 ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE，则系统会自动向目标应用授予读取和 写入 URI 权限。从 Android 18 开始，系统将 不再自动授予这些权限。因此，我们建议应用明确授予相关 URI 权限，而不是依赖系统授予这些权限。

如需检测应用中这些 intent 的使用情况，请将 StrictMode 与 detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() 结合使用，以触发违规行为：

Kotlin

val policy = StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build()
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy)

Java

StrictMode.VmPolicy policy = new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build();
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy);

或者，您也可以监控包含消息 Please set the grant explicitly in the app 的已记录异常，该消息会在系统隐式设置授予时显示。您可以使用以下 adb 命令监控这些日志：

adb logcat | grep "Please set the grant explicitly in the app"

如需明确授予必要的权限，请将 FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION标志添加到ACTION_SEND和 ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLEintent：

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);

对于 ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE intent，请同时添加FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION 和 FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION 标志：

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);

每个应用的密钥库限制

应用应避免在 Android 密钥库中创建过多的密钥，因为它是设备上所有应用的共享资源。从 Android 17 开始，系统会强制限制应用可拥有的密钥数量。对于以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台的非系统应用，密钥数量上限为 50,000 个；对于所有其他应用，密钥数量上限为 200,000 个。无论系统应用以哪个 API 级别为目标，其密钥数量上限均为 20 万。

如果应用尝试创建超出限制的密钥，则创建会失败并显示 KeyStoreException。异常的消息字符串包含有关密钥限制的信息。如果应用针对异常调用 getNumericErrorCode()，则返回值取决于应用的目标 API 级别：

• 如果应用以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台，getNumericErrorCode() 会返回新的 ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS 值。
• 所有其他应用：getNumericErrorCode() 返回 ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE。

阻止跨资料环回流量

从 Android 17 开始，默认情况下不再允许跨个人资料环回流量。同一个人资料内的环回流量不受影响。 此项变更适用于在 Android 17 或更高版本上运行的所有应用，无论应用以哪个 API 级别为目标平台。

用户体验和系统界面

Android 17 包含以下变更，旨在打造更加一致、直观的用户体验。

在旋转后恢复默认 IME 可见性

从 Android 17 开始，当设备的配置发生变化（例如，通过旋转）且应用本身未处理此变化时，系统不会恢复之前的 IME 可见性。

如果应用经历了它无法处理的配置更改，并且应用需要在更改后显示键盘，您必须明确请求此行为。您可以通过以下方式之一提出此要求：

• 将 android:windowSoftInputMode 属性设置为 stateAlwaysVisible。
• 在 activity 的 onCreate() 方法中以编程方式请求显示软键盘，或添加 onConfigurationChanged() 方法。

人工干预

Android 17 包含以下变更，这些变更会影响应用与键盘和触控板等人工输入设备的互动方式。

在指针捕获期间，触控板默认提供相对事件

Beginning with Android 17, if an app requests pointer capture using View.requestPointerCapture() and the user uses a touchpad, the system recognizes pointer movement and scrolling gestures from the user's touches and reports them to the app in the same way as pointer and scroll wheel movements from a captured mouse. In most cases, this removes the need for apps that support captured mice to add special handling logic for touchpads. For more details, see the documentation for View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE.

Previously, the system did not attempt to recognize gestures from the touchpad, and instead delivered the raw, absolute finger locations to the app in a similar format to touchscreen touches. If an app still requires this absolute data, it should call the new View.requestPointerCapture(int) method with View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE instead.

媒体

Android 17 包含以下媒体行为变更。

后台音频安全加固

Beginning with Android 17, the audio framework enforces restrictions on background audio interactions including audio playback, audio focus requests, and volume change APIs to ensure that these changes are started intentionally by the user.

If the app tries to call audio APIs while the app is not in a valid lifecycle, the audio playback and volume change APIs fail silently without throwing an exception or providing a failure message. The audio focus API fails with the result code AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.

Note: The restrictions are more stringent if an app targets Android 17 (API level 37). For these apps, the foreground service must have while-in-use (WIU) capabilities, unless the app has the exact alarm permission and is interacting with USAGE_ALARM audio streams.

For more information, including mitigation strategies, see Background audio hardening.

连接

Android 17 包含以下变更，旨在提升设备连接。

在蓝牙绑定丢失时自动重新配对

Android 17 引入了自主重新配对功能，这是一项系统级增强功能，旨在自动解决蓝牙配对信息丢失问题。

以前，如果配对信息丢失，用户必须手动前往“设置”取消配对，然后重新配对外围设备。此功能以 Android 16 的安全改进为基础，允许系统在后台重新建立配对信息，而无需用户手动前往“设置”取消配对并重新配对外围设备。

虽然大多数应用不需要更改代码，但开发者应注意蓝牙堆栈中的以下行为变更：

• 新的配对上下文： ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST 现在包含 EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXT extra，允许应用区分 标准配对请求和自主系统发起的重新配对尝试。
• 有条件的密钥更新：只有在重新配对成功且新连接达到或超过之前配对信息的安全级别时，才会替换现有安全密钥。
• 修改后的 intent 时间：现在，只有在自主重新配对尝试失败时，才会广播 ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent。如果系统在后台成功恢复配对信息，则可以减少应用中不必要的错误处理。
• 用户通知：系统通过新的界面通知和对话框管理重新配对。系统会提示用户确认重新配对尝试，以确保用户了解重新连接。

外围设备制造商和配套应用开发者应验证硬件和应用是否能妥善处理配对信息转换。如需测试此行为，请使用以下任一方法模拟远程配对信息丢失：

• 从外围设备中手动移除配对信息
• 在“设置”>“已连接的设备”中手动取消配对设备