Mudanças de comportamento: todos os apps

A plataforma Android 17 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças de comportamento a seguir se aplicam a todos os apps quando executados no Android 17, independente de targetSdkVersion. Teste seu app e modifique-o conforme necessário para ficar compatível com essas mudanças, se necessário.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam apenas os apps destinados ao Android 17.

Funcionalidade principal

O Android 17 (nível 37 da API) inclui as mudanças a seguir que modificam ou expandem vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Limites de memória do app

Android 17 introduces app memory limits based on the device's total RAM to create a more stable and deterministic environment for your applications and Android users. In Android 17, limits are set conservatively to establish system baselines, targeting extreme memory leaks and other outliers before they trigger system-wide instability resulting in UI stuttering, higher battery drain, and apps being killed. While we anticipate minimal impact on the vast majority of app sessions, we recommend the following memory best practices, including establishing a baseline for memory.

You can determine if your app session was impacted by calling getDescription in ApplicationExitInfo; if your app was affected, the exit reason will be REASON_OTHER and the description will contain the string "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" along with other information. You can also use trigger-based profiling with TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY to get heap dumps that are collected when the memory limit is hit.

The Manage your app's memory documentation gives information to help you diagnose your app's memory issues and optimize its resource consumption.

Test your app's behavior under the memory constraints

You can use Android Debug Bridge (adb) to adjust or disable the memory limits on any device that imposes them. The shell command am provides three subcommands to adjust the memory limits. (These commands have no effect on a device which does not impose memory limits.)

  • am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|all
  • am memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|none
  • am memory-limiter status
ignore

Instructs the memory limiter to ignore some or all processes. Passing a UID instructs the memory limiter to ignore all processes associated with that UID. You can also pass all (ignore all processes) or none (do not ignore any processes). Passing none overrides any previous calls to am memory-limiter ignore.

If you instruct the memory limiter to ignore a process, you can still apply a manual memory limit to the process by calling am memory-limiter manual.

manual

Instructs the system to impose a memory constraint on the process with the specified PID. The memory constraint is specified as an integer number of MB; for example, passing 30 specifies that the process is limited to 30 MB of memory. Passing max removes all memory limits on that process. Passing none removes any manual limits set on the process, restoring the system's default limit (if any).

status

Reports the current status of the memory limiter. The status includes the memory limits imposed on visible and non-visible processes.

Privacidade

O Android 17 inclui as mudanças a seguir para melhorar a privacidade do usuário.

Proteção de OTP por SMS

从 Android 17 开始，Android 将扩大对包含一次性密码 (OTP) 的短信的保护范围。

在之前的 Android 版本中，此保护主要侧重于 SMS Retriever 格式。对于大多数应用，包含 SMS Retriever 哈希的消息的递送延迟了 3 小时。不过，某些特定应用（例如默认短信处理程序）不受此延迟的影响，拥有哈希的应用也不受此延迟的影响。

从 Android 17 开始，此保护也适用于 WebOTP 格式的消息。如果应用有权读取短信，但不是 WebOTP 消息的预期接收者（由网域验证确定），则该应用在收到消息后 3 小时内无法访问该消息。此变更旨在提高用户安全性，确保只有与消息中提及的网域关联的应用才能以程序化方式读取验证码。

在这 3 小时的延迟期间，系统会保留 SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION 广播，并过滤 短信提供商 数据库查询。延迟结束后，这些应用即可使用短信。此变更适用于 所有应用，无论其目标 API 级别如何。

某些应用（例如默认短信辅助应用、已连接设备配套应用等）不受此延迟的影响。所有依赖于读取短信 来提取 动态密码 的应用都应过渡到使用 SMS Retriever 或 SMS User Consent API，以确保功能持续可用。

Segurança

O Android 17 inclui as melhorias a seguir na segurança de dispositivos e apps.

Plano de descontinuação de usesClearTraffic

In a future release, we plan to deprecate the usesCleartextTraffic element. Apps that need to make unencrypted (HTTP) connections should migrate to using a network security configuration file, which lets you specify which domains your app needs to make cleartext connections to.

Be aware that network security configuration files are only supported on API levels 24 and higher. If your app has a minimum API level lower than 24, you should do both of the following:

  • Set the usesCleartextTraffic attribute to true
  • Use a network configuration file

If your app's minimum API level is 24 or higher, you can use a network configuration file and you don't need to set usesCleartextTraffic.

Restrição das concessões implícitas de URI

目前，如果应用启动的 intent 具有 URI，且该 URI 具有操作 ACTION_SEND、ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE或 ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE，则系统会自动向目标应用授予读取和 写入 URI 权限。从 Android 18 开始，系统将 不再自动授予这些权限。因此，我们建议应用明确授予相关 URI 权限，而不是依赖系统授予这些权限。

如需检测应用中这些 intent 的使用情况，请将 StrictMode 与 detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() 结合使用，以触发违规行为：

Kotlin

val policy = StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build()
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy)

Java

StrictMode.VmPolicy policy = new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build();
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy);

或者，您也可以监控包含消息 Please set the grant explicitly in the app 的已记录异常，该消息会在系统隐式设置授予时显示。您可以使用以下 adb 命令监控这些日志：

adb logcat | grep "Please set the grant explicitly in the app"

如需明确授予必要的权限，请将 FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION标志添加到ACTION_SEND和 ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLEintent：

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);

对于 ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE intent，请同时添加FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION 和 FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION 标志：

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);

Limites de keystore por app

应用应避免在 Android 密钥库中创建过多的密钥，因为它是设备上所有应用的共享资源。从 Android 17 开始，系统会强制限制应用可拥有的密钥数量。对于以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台的非系统应用，密钥数量上限为 50,000 个；对于所有其他应用，密钥数量上限为 200,000 个。无论系统应用以哪个 API 级别为目标，其密钥数量上限均为 20 万。

如果应用尝试创建超出限制的密钥，则创建会失败并显示 KeyStoreException。异常的消息字符串包含有关密钥限制的信息。如果应用针对异常调用 getNumericErrorCode()，则返回值取决于应用的目标 API 级别：

  • 如果应用以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台，getNumericErrorCode() 会返回新的 ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS 值。
  • 所有其他应用：getNumericErrorCode() 返回 ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE。

Bloquear tráfego de loopback de perfil unificado

从 Android 17 开始，默认情况下不再允许跨个人资料环回流量。同一个人资料内的环回流量不受影响。 此项变更适用于在 Android 17 或更高版本上运行的所有应用，无论应用以哪个 API 级别为目标平台。

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 17 inclui as mudanças a seguir que têm como objetivo criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

Restauração da visibilidade padrão do IME após a rotação

A partir do Android 17, quando a configuração do dispositivo muda (por exemplo, devido à rotação) e isso não é processado pelo próprio app, a visibilidade anterior do IME não é restaurada.

Se o app passar por uma mudança de configuração que ele não processa e precisar que o teclado fique visível após a mudança, você precisará solicitar isso explicitamente. É possível fazer essa solicitação de uma das seguintes maneiras:

  • Defina o atributo android:windowSoftInputMode como stateAlwaysVisible.
  • Solicite o teclado de software de maneira programática no método onCreate() da atividade ou adicione o método onConfigurationChanged().

Contribuição humana

O Android 17 inclui as mudanças a seguir que afetam a forma como os apps interagem com dispositivos de entrada humana, como teclados e touchpads.

Os touchpads oferecem eventos relativos por padrão durante a captura do ponteiro

从 Android 17 开始，如果应用使用 View.requestPointerCapture() 请求捕获指针，并且用户使用触控板，系统会识别用户触摸操作产生的指针移动和滚动手势，并以与捕获的鼠标产生的指针和滚轮移动相同的方式将这些信息报告给应用。在大多数情况下，这使得支持捕获鼠标的应用无需为触控板添加特殊的处理逻辑。如需了解详情，请参阅 View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE 的文档。

之前，系统不会尝试识别触控板的手势，而是以类似于触摸屏触摸的格式将原始的绝对手指位置传递给应用。如果应用仍需要此绝对数据，则应改为使用 View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE 调用新的 View.requestPointerCapture(int) 方法。

Mídia

O Android 17 inclui as mudanças a seguir no comportamento da mídia.

Reforço da proteção de áudio em segundo plano

从 Android 17 开始，音频框架会对后台音频互动（包括音频播放、音频焦点请求和音量更改 API）强制执行限制，以确保这些更改是由用户有意发起的。

如果应用尝试在应用未处于有效生命周期时调用音频 API，则音频播放和音量更改 API 会以静默方式失败，而不会抛出异常或提供失败消息。音频焦点 API 会失败，并返回结果代码 AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED。

如需了解详情（包括缓解措施），请参阅后台音频安全加固。

Conectividade

O Android 17 inclui as mudanças a seguir para melhorar a conectividade do dispositivo.

Novo pareamento autônomo para perdas de vínculo Bluetooth

Android 17 引入了自主重新配对功能，这是一项系统级增强功能，旨在自动解决蓝牙配对信息丢失问题。

以前，如果配对信息丢失，用户必须手动前往“设置”取消配对，然后重新配对外围设备。此功能以 Android 16 的安全改进为基础，允许系统在后台重新建立配对信息，而无需用户手动前往“设置”取消配对并重新配对外围设备。

虽然大多数应用不需要更改代码，但开发者应注意蓝牙堆栈中的以下行为变更：

  • 新的配对上下文： ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST 现在包含 EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXT extra，允许应用区分 标准配对请求和自主系统发起的重新配对尝试。
  • 有条件的密钥更新：只有在重新配对成功且新连接达到或超过之前配对信息的安全级别时，才会替换现有安全密钥。
  • 修改后的 intent 时间：现在，只有在自主重新配对尝试失败时，才会广播 ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent。如果系统在后台成功恢复配对信息，则可以减少应用中不必要的错误处理。
  • 用户通知：系统通过新的界面通知和对话框管理重新配对。系统会提示用户确认重新配对尝试，以确保用户了解重新连接。

外围设备制造商和配套应用开发者应验证硬件和应用是否能妥善处理配对信息转换。如需测试此行为，请使用以下任一方法模拟远程配对信息丢失：

  • 从外围设备中手动移除配对信息
  • 在“设置”>“已连接的设备”中手动取消配对设备