تغييرات السلوك: جميع التطبيقات

يتضمّن الإصدار 17 من نظام التشغيل Android تغييرات في السلوك قد تؤثر في تطبيقك. تنطبق تغييرات السلوك التالية على جميع التطبيقات عند تشغيلها على الإصدار 17 من نظام التشغيل Android، بغض النظر عن targetSdkVersion. عليك اختبار تطبيقك ثم تعديله حسب الحاجة ليتوافق مع هذه التغييرات، حيثما ينطبق ذلك.

احرص أيضًا على مراجعة قائمة التغييرات في السلوك التي تؤثّر فقط في التطبيقات التي تستهدف الإصدار 17 من نظام التشغيل Android.

الوظيفة الأساسية

يتضمّن نظام التشغيل Android 17 (المستوى 37 لواجهة برمجة التطبيقات) التغييرات التالية التي تعدّل أو توسّع إمكانات أساسية مختلفة لنظام Android.

الحدود القصوى لذاكرة التطبيقات

Android 17 introduces app memory limits based on the device's total RAM to create a more stable and deterministic environment for your apps and Android users. These limits focus on memory leaks and other outliers before they trigger system-wide instability resulting in UI stuttering, higher battery drain, and apps being killed. While we anticipate minimal impact on the vast majority of app sessions, we recommend the following memory best practices, including establishing a baseline for memory.

You can determine if your app session was impacted by calling getDescription in ApplicationExitInfo; if your app was affected, the exit reason will be REASON_OTHER and the description will contain the string "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" along with other information. You can also use trigger-based profiling with TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY to get heap dumps that are collected when the memory limit is hit.

The Manage your app's memory documentation gives information to help you diagnose your app's memory issues and optimize its resource consumption.

Test your app's behavior under the memory constraints

You can use Android Debug Bridge (adb) to adjust or disable the memory limits on any device that imposes them. The shell command am provides three subcommands to adjust the memory limits. (These commands have no effect on a device which does not impose memory limits.)

  • am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|all
  • am memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|none
  • am memory-limiter status
ignore

Instructs the memory limiter to ignore some or all processes. Passing a UID (Android User ID) instructs the memory limiter to ignore enforcement on all processes associated with that UID. You can also pass all (ignore all apps) or none (do not ignore any apps). Passing none overrides any previous calls to am memory-limiter ignore.

If you instruct the memory limiter to ignore a UID, you can still apply a manual memory limit to a process within the app by calling am memory-limiter manual.

manual

Instructs the system to impose a memory constraint on the process with the specified PID (Process ID). The memory constraint is specified as an integer number of MB; for example, passing 30 specifies that the process is limited to 30 MB of memory. Passing max removes all memory limits on that process. Passing none removes any manual limits set on the process, restoring the system's default limit (if any).

status

Reports the current status of the memory limiter. The status includes the memory limits imposed on visible and non-visible processes.

الخصوصية

يتضمّن نظام التشغيل Android 17 التغييرات التالية لتحسين خصوصية المستخدم.

الحماية من خلال كلمة المرور الصالحة لمرة واحدة عبر الرسائل القصيرة

Beginning with Android 17, Android is expanding its protection for SMS messages containing one-time passwords (OTP).

In previous versions of Android, this protection was primarily focused on the SMS Retriever format. Delivery of messages containing an SMS retriever hash was delayed for most apps for three hours. However, certain apps (like the default SMS handler) were exempt from the delay, and the app that owned the hash was also exempted.

Beginning with Android 17, the protection is also applied to WebOTP format messages. If an app has permission to read SMS messages but is not the intended recipient of a WebOTP message (as determined by domain verification), the message is not accessible to the app until three hours after the message's receipt. This change is intended to improve user security by ensuring that only apps associated with the domain mentioned in the message can programmatically read the verification code.

During this three hour delay, the SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION broadcast is withheld and SMS provider database queries are filtered. The SMS message is available to these apps after the delay. This change applies to all apps, regardless of their target API level.

Certain apps such as the default SMS assistant app, connected device companion apps, etc., are exempted from this delay. All apps that rely on reading SMS messages for OTP extraction should transition to using SMS Retriever or SMS User Consent APIs to ensure continued functionality.

الأمان

يتضمّن نظام التشغيل Android 17 التحسينات التالية على أمان الأجهزة والتطبيقات.

خطة إيقاف usesClearTraffic نهائيًا

In a future release, we plan to deprecate the usesCleartextTraffic element. Apps that need to make unencrypted (HTTP) connections should migrate to using a network security configuration file, which lets you specify which domains your app needs to make cleartext connections to.

Be aware that network security configuration files are only supported on API levels 24 and higher. If your app has a minimum API level lower than 24, you should do both of the following:

  • Set the usesCleartextTraffic attribute to true
  • Use a network configuration file

If your app's minimum API level is 24 or higher, you can use a network configuration file and you don't need to set usesCleartextTraffic.

حظر منح أذونات ضمنية لمعرّف الموارد المنتظم (URI)

Currently, if an app launches an intent with a URI that has the action ACTION_SEND, ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE, or ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE, the system automatically grants the read and write URI permissions to the target app. Starting in Android 18, the system will no longer automatically grant these permissions. For this reason, we recommend that apps explicitly grant the relevant URI permissions instead of relying on the system to grant them.

To detect the usage of these intents in your app, use StrictMode with detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() to trigger a violation:

Kotlin

val policy = StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build()
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy)

Java

StrictMode.VmPolicy policy = new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build();
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy);

Alternatively, you can monitor for logged exceptions containing the message Please set the grant explicitly in the app that appears when system implicitly sets the grant. You can monitor for these logs using the following adb command:

adb logcat | grep "Please set the grant explicitly in the app"

To explicitly grant the necessary permissions, add the FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION flag to ACTION_SEND and ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);

Include both FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION and FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION flags for ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);

الحدود القصوى لمخزن المفاتيح لكل تطبيق

应用应避免在 Android 密钥库中创建过多的密钥，因为它是设备上所有应用的共享资源。从 Android 17 开始，系统会强制限制应用可拥有的密钥数量。对于以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台的非系统应用，密钥数量上限为 50,000 个；对于所有其他应用，密钥数量上限为 200,000 个。无论系统应用以哪个 API 级别为目标，其密钥数量上限均为 20 万个。

如果应用尝试创建超出限制的密钥，则创建会失败并显示 KeyStoreException。异常的消息字符串包含有关密钥限制的信息。如果应用针对异常调用 getNumericErrorCode()，则返回值取决于应用的目标 API 级别：

  • 如果应用以 Android 17（API 级别 37）或更高版本为目标平台：getNumericErrorCode() 会返回新的 ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS 值。
  • 所有其他应用：getNumericErrorCode() 返回 ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE。

حظر الزيارات المكرّرة بين الملفات الشخصية

بدءًا من الإصدار 17 من نظام التشغيل Android، لن يُسمح تلقائيًا بنقل البيانات بين الملفات الشخصية. لا تتأثر الزيارات المرتدة ضمن الملف الشخصي نفسه. ينطبق هذا التغيير على جميع التطبيقات التي تعمل على الإصدار 17 من نظام التشغيل Android أو الإصدارات الأحدث، بغض النظر عن مستوى واجهة برمجة التطبيقات الذي يستهدفه التطبيق.

تجربة المستخدم وواجهة مستخدم النظام

يتضمّن نظام التشغيل Android 17 التغييرات التالية التي تهدف إلى توفير تجربة مستخدم أكثر اتساقًا وسهولة.

استعادة مستوى رؤية أداة IME التلقائي بعد التدوير

从 Android 17 开始，当设备的配置发生变化（例如，通过旋转）且应用本身未处理此变化时，系统不会恢复之前的 IME 可见性。

如果您的应用经历了它无法处理的配置更改，并且应用需要在更改后显示键盘，您必须明确请求此行为。您可以通过以下方式之一提出此要求：

  • 将 android:windowSoftInputMode 属性设置为 stateAlwaysVisible。
  • 在 activity 的 onCreate() 方法中以编程方式请求显示软键盘，或添加 onConfigurationChanged() 方法。

المعلومات المقدَّمة

يتضمّن نظام التشغيل Android 17 التغييرات التالية التي تؤثّر في طريقة تفاعل التطبيقات مع أجهزة الإدخال البشرية، مثل لوحات المفاتيح ولوحات اللمس.

تقدّم لوحات اللمس أحداثًا نسبية تلقائيًا أثناء عملية التقاط المؤشر

从 Android 17 开始，如果应用使用 View.requestPointerCapture() 请求捕获指针，并且用户使用触控板，系统会识别用户触摸操作产生的指针移动和滚动手势，并以与捕获的鼠标产生的指针和滚轮移动相同的方式将这些信息报告给应用。在大多数情况下，这使得支持捕获鼠标的应用无需为触控板添加特殊的处理逻辑。如需了解详情，请参阅 View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE 的文档。

之前，系统不会尝试识别触控板的手势，而是以类似于触摸屏触摸的格式将原始的绝对手指位置传递给应用。如果应用仍需要此绝对数据，则应改为使用 View.requestPointerCapture(int) 方法并传入 View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE。

الوسائط

يتضمّن نظام التشغيل Android 17 التغييرات التالية على سلوك الوسائط.

تعزيز أمان الصوت في الخلفية

从 Android 17 开始，音频框架对后台音频互动（包括音频播放、音频焦点请求和音量更改 API）强制执行限制，以确保这些更改是由用户有意发起的。

如果应用尝试在应用处于无效生命周期时调用音频 API，则音频播放和音量更改 API 会静默失败，而不会抛出异常或提供失败消息。音频焦点 API 失败，结果代码为 AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED。

如需了解详情（包括缓解措施），请参阅后台音频安全加固。

إمكانية الاتصال

يتضمّن نظام التشغيل Android 17 التغييرات التالية لتحسين إمكانية ربط الأجهزة.

إعادة الإقران التلقائي عند فقدان ربط البلوتوث

Android 17 introduces autonomous re-pairing, a system-level enhancement designed to automatically resolve Bluetooth bond loss.

Previously, if a bond was lost, users had to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and then re-pair the peripheral. This feature builds upon the security improvement of Android 16 by allowing the system to re-establish bonds in the background without requiring users to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and re-pair peripherals.

While most apps will not require code changes, developers should be aware of the following behavior changes in Bluetooth stack:

  • New pairing context: The ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST now includes the EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXT extra which allows apps to distinguish between a standard pairing request and an autonomous system-initiated re-pairing attempt.
  • Conditional key updates: Existing security keys will only be replaced if the re-pairing is successful and new connection meets or exceeds the security level of the previous bond.
  • Modified intent timing: The ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is now broadcast only if the autonomous re-pairing attempt fails. This reduces unnecessary error handling in the app if the system successfully recovers the bond in the background.
  • User notification: The system manages re-pairing via new UI notifications and dialogs. Users will be prompted to confirm the re-pairing attempt to ensure they are aware of the reconnection.

Peripheral device manufacturers and companion app developers should verify that hardware and app gracefully handle bond transitions. To test this behavior, simulate a remote bond loss using either of the following methods:

  • Manually remove the bond information from the peripheral device
  • Manually unpair the device in: Settings > Connected devices