كما هو الحال في الإصدارات السابقة، يتضمّن Android 14 تغييرات في السلوك قد تؤثّر في تطبيقك. تنطبق تغييرات السلوك التالية حصريًا على التطبيقات التي تستهدف الإصدار 14 من نظام التشغيل Android (مستوى واجهة برمجة التطبيقات 34) أو الإصدارات الأحدث. إذا كان تطبيقك يستهدف الإصدار 14 من نظام التشغيل Android أو الإصدارات الأحدث، عليك تعديل تطبيقك ليتوافق مع هذه السلوكيات بشكل صحيح، حيثما ينطبق ذلك.
احرص أيضًا على مراجعة قائمة التغييرات في السلوك التي تؤثّر في جميع التطبيقات
التي تعمل على Android 14 بغض النظر عن
targetSdkVersion للتطبيق.
الوظيفة الأساسية
أنواع الخدمات التي تعمل في المقدّمة مطلوبة
如果您的应用以 Android 14(API 级别 34)或更高版本为目标平台,则必须为应用中的每个前台服务至少指定一项前台服务类型。您应选择一个能代表应用用例的前台服务类型。系统需要特定类型的前台服务满足特定用例。
如果应用中的用例与这些类型均不相关,强烈建议您迁移逻辑以使用 WorkManager 或用户发起的数据传输作业。
فرض إذن BLUETOOTH_CONNECT في BluetoothAdapter
Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the
BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting
Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.
This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not
enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's
AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that
a user has granted the permission before calling
getProfileConnectionState.
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />
تعديلات OpenJDK 17
Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.
A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:
- Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now
disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see
new cases where an
IllegalArgumentExceptionis thrown by thejava.util.regex.Matcherclass, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle theDISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCEflag using the compatibility framework tools. - UUID handling: The
java.util.UUID.fromString()method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see anIllegalArgumentExceptionduring deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle theENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATIONflag using the compatibility framework tools. - ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the
java.lang.ClassValueclass causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whetherClass.forName("java.lang.ClassValue")returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without thejava.lang.ClassValueclass available, then these optimizations might remove thecomputeValuemethod from classes derived fromjava.lang.ClassValue.
تعزّز JobScheduler سلوك رد الاتصال والشبكة
Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from
onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14,
if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently.
If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and
exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR
with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or
"No response to onStopJob".
This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios:
1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob
or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit.
2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler
callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from
completing within the expected time limit.
To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread
when the ANR occurs, you can do this using
ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone
trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR,
you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either
Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on
the main thread when the ANR occurs.
Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly
or using the androidx library WorkManager.
To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides
support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob
in an asynchronous thread.
JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the
ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or
setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the
ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting
Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.
Tiles launch API
For apps targeting 14 and higher,
TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws
an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use
TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.
الخصوصية
الوصول الجزئي إلى الصور والفيديوهات
Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.
This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.
If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to
maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation
to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app
doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility
mode.
تجربة المستخدم
تأمين إشعارات intent ملء الشاشة
在 Android 11(API 级别 30)中,任何应用都可以在手机处于锁定状态时使用 Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent 发送全屏 intent。您可以通过在 AndroidManifest 中声明 USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 权限,在应用安装时自动授予此权限。
全屏 intent 通知适用于需要用户立即注意的极高优先级通知,例如用户来电或用户配置的闹钟设置。对于以 Android 14(API 级别 34)或更高版本为目标平台的应用,获准使用此权限的应用仅限于提供通话和闹钟的应用。对于不适合此情况的任何应用,Google Play 商店会撤消其默认的 USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 权限。这些政策变更的截止日期为 2024 年 5 月 31 日。
在用户更新到 Android 14 之前,在手机上安装的应用仍拥有此权限。用户可以开启和关闭此权限。
您可以使用新 API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent 检查应用是否具有该权限;如果没有,应用可以使用新 intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 启动设置页面,在该页面中,用户可以授予权限。
الأمان
القيود المفروضة على الأهداف الضمنية والمعلّقة
For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:
- Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
- If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.
These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.
For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:
<activity
android:name=".AppActivity"
android:exported="false">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an
ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:
Kotlin
// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14. context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))
Java
// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14. context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));
To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:
Kotlin
// This makes the intent explicit. val explicitIntent = Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION") explicitIntent.apply { package = context.packageName } context.startActivity(explicitIntent)
Java
// This makes the intent explicit. Intent explicitIntent = new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION") explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName()); context.startActivity(explicitIntent);
يجب أن تحدّد مستقبِلات البث المسجّلة في وقت التشغيل سلوك التصدير
Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use
context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag
to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on
the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively.
This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging
the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.
Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts
If your app is registering a receiver only for
system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver
methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it
shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.
تحميل الرموز الديناميكية بشكل أكثر أمانًا
如果您的应用以 Android 14(API 级别 34)或更高版本为目标平台并使用动态代码 正在加载 (DCL),所有动态加载的文件都必须标记为只读。 否则,系统会抛出异常。我们建议应用尽可能避免动态加载代码,因为这样做会大大增加应用因代码注入或代码篡改而遭到入侵的风险。
如果必须动态加载代码,请使用以下方法,在动态文件(例如 DEX、JAR 或 APK 文件)打开并写入任何内容之前立即将其设为只读:
Kotlin
val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar") val os = FileOutputStream(jar) os.use { // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions jar.setReadOnly() // Then write the actual file content } val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)
Java
File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar"); try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) { // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions jar.setReadOnly(); // Then write the actual file content } catch (IOException e) { ... } PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);
处理已存在的动态加载文件
为防止系统对现有动态加载的文件抛出异常,我们建议您先删除并重新创建文件,然后再尝试在应用中重新动态加载这些文件。重新创建文件时,请按照上述指南在写入时将文件标记为只读。或者,您可以将现有文件重新标记为只读,但在这种情况下,我们强烈建议您先验证文件的完整性(例如,对照可信值检查文件的签名)以保护应用免遭恶意操作的影响。
قيود إضافية على بدء الأنشطة من الخلفية
For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:
- When an app sends a
PendingIntentusingPendingIntent#send()or similar methods, the app must opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to start the pending intent. To opt in, the app should pass anActivityOptionsbundle withsetPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED). - When a visible app binds a service of another app that's in the background
using the
bindService()method, the visible app must now opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to the bound service. To opt in, the app should include theBIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTSflag when calling thebindService()method.
These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.
Zip path traversal
对于以 Android 14(API 级别 34)或更高版本为目标平台的应用,Android 会通过以下方式防止 Zip 路径遍历漏洞:如果 Zip 文件条目名称包含“..”或以“/”开头,ZipFile(String) 和 ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() 会抛出 ZipException。
应用可以通过调用 dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback() 选择停用此验证。
يجب الحصول على موافقة المستخدم لكل جلسة التقاط باستخدام MediaProjection
对于以 Android 14(API 级别 34)或更高版本为目标平台的应用,在以下任一情况下,MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 都会抛出 SecurityException:
- 您的应用会缓存从
MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent返回的Intent,并多次将其传递给MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection。 - 您的应用在同一
MediaProjection实例上多次调用MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay。
您的应用必须在每次捕获会话之前征求用户同意。单次捕获会话是对 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 的单次调用,并且每个 MediaProjection 实例只能使用一次。
处理配置变更
如果您的应用需要调用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 来处理配置更改(例如屏幕方向或屏幕大小更改),您可以按照以下步骤更新现有 MediaProjection 实例的 VirtualDisplay:
- 使用新的宽度和高度调用
VirtualDisplay#resize。 - 向
VirtualDisplay#setSurface提供新的Surface,并为其指定新的宽度和高度。
注册回调
您的应用应注册回调,以处理用户不同意继续拍摄会话的情况。为此,请实现 Callback#onStop,并让应用释放所有相关资源(例如 VirtualDisplay 和 Surface)。
如果您的应用未注册此回调,当您的应用调用它时,MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 会抛出 IllegalStateException。
تعديل القيود المفروضة على حِزم تطوير البرامج (SDK) غير التابعة لجهات خارجية
يتضمّن الإصدار 14 من Android قوائم معدَّلة لواجهات غير SDK المحظورة استنادًا إلى التعاون مع مطوّري Android وأحدث الاختبارات الداخلية. نحرص قدر الإمكان على توفير بدائل عامة قبل حظر واجهات غير SDK.
إذا كان تطبيقك لا يستهدف الإصدار 14 من Android، قد لا تؤثر بعض هذه التغييرات فيك على الفور. ومع ذلك، على الرغم من أنّه يمكنك حاليًا استخدام بعض واجهات غير SDK (اعتمادًا على مستوى واجهة برمجة التطبيقات المستهدَف في تطبيقك)، فإنّ استخدام أي طريقة أو حقل غير SDK يحمل دائمًا خطرًا كبيرًا بتعطُّل تطبيقك.
إذا لم تكن متأكدًا مما إذا كان تطبيقك يستخدم واجهات غير SDK، يمكنك اختبار تطبيقك لمعرفة ذلك. إذا كان تطبيقك يعتمد على واجهات غير SDK، عليك البدء في التخطيط لنقله إلى بدائل SDK. ومع ذلك، ندرك أنّ بعض التطبيقات لديها حالات استخدام صالحة لاستخدام واجهات غير SDK. إذا لم تتمكّن من العثور على بديل لاستخدام واجهة غير SDK لميزة في تطبيقك، عليك طلب واجهة برمجة تطبيقات عامة جديدة.
如需详细了解此 Android 版本中的变更,请参阅 Android 14 中有关限制非 SDK 接口的更新。如需全面了解有关非 SDK 接口的详细信息,请参阅对非 SDK 接口的限制。