Perubahan perilaku: semua aplikasi

Platform Android 14 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku untuk semua aplikasi saat dijalankan di Android 14, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion. Sebaiknya uji aplikasi Anda lalu modifikasi sesuai kebutuhan untuk mendukung perubahan ini dengan tepat, jika memungkinkan.

Selain itu, pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang hanya memengaruhi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14.

Fungsi inti

Menjadwalkan alarm yang tepat ditolak secara default

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

Siaran yang terdaftar dalam konteks dimasukkan ke dalam antrean saat aplikasi di-cache

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

Aplikasi hanya dapat menghentikan proses latar belakangnya sendiri

从 Android 14 开始，当您的应用调用 killBackgroundProcesses() 时，该 API 只能终止您自己应用的后台进程。

如果您传入另一个应用的软件包名称，此方法对该应用的后台进程没有影响，并且 Logcat 中会显示以下消息：

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

您的应用不应使用 killBackgroundProcesses() API，也不得以其他方式尝试影响其他应用的进程生命周期，即使在旧版操作系统上也是如此。Android 旨在让缓存应用在后台运行，并在系统需要内存时自动终止它们。如果您的应用会不必要地终止其他应用，则由于之后需要完全重启这些应用，因此可能会降低系统性能并增加耗电量，这比恢复现有缓存应用所消耗的资源要多得多。

MTU ditetapkan ke 517 untuk klien GATT pertama yang meminta MTU

Starting from Android 14, the Android Bluetooth stack more strictly adheres to Version 5.2 of the Bluetooth Core Specification and requests the BLE ATT MTU to 517 bytes when the first GATT client requests an MTU using the BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API, and disregards all subsequent MTU requests on that ACL connection.

To address this change and make your app more robust, consider the following options:

  • Your peripheral device should respond to the Android device's MTU request with a reasonable value that can be accommodated by the peripheral. The final negotiated value will be a minimum of the Android requested value and the remote provided value (for example, min(517, remoteMtu))
    • Implementing this fix could require a firmware update for peripheral
  • Alternatively, limit your GATT characteristic writes based on the minimum between the known supported value of your peripheral and the received MTU change
    • A reminder that you should reduce 5 bytes from the supported size for the headers
    • For example: arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

Alasan baru aplikasi dapat ditempatkan di bucket standby terbatas

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock dibatasi hingga 64 KB

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

Sistem menerapkan penggunaan resource aplikasi yang di-cache

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

Pengalaman pengguna

Perubahan pada cara pengguna menerima notifikasi yang tidak dapat ditutup

如果您的应用向用户显示不可关闭的前台通知，请注意：Android 14 已更改此行为，允许用户关闭此类通知。

这项变更适用于阻止用户关闭前台的应用 将 Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT 设置为 Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) 或 NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true)。FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT 的行为已发生变化，使用户实际上能够关闭此类通知。

在以下情况下，此类通知仍不可关闭：

  • 当手机处于锁定状态时
  • 如果用户选择全部清除通知操作（有助于防止意外关闭）

此外，这一新行为不适用于以下用例中的通知：

  • CallStyle 条通知
  • 企业设备政策控制器 (DPC) 和支持软件包
  • 媒体通知
  • 默认的搜索选择器软件包

Informasi keamanan data terlihat lebih jelas

为了加强用户隐私保护，Android 14 增加了系统显示您在 Play 管理中心表单中声明的信息的位置数量。目前，用户可以在 Google Play 中的应用详情的数据安全部分查看此信息。

我们建议您查看应用的位置数据分享政策，并花一点时间对应用的 Google Play“数据安全”部分进行任何适用的更新。

如需了解详情，请参阅有关如何在 Android 14 上以更显眼的方式显示数据安全信息的指南。

Aksesibilitas

Penskalaan font non-linear ke 200%

从 Android 14 开始，系统支持字体放大高达 200%，为弱视用户提供了符合网络内容无障碍指南 (WCAG) 的其他无障碍功能选项。

如果您已使用放大像素 (sp) 单位来定义文本大小，这项更改可能不会对您的应用产生太大影响。不过，您应在启用最大字号 (200%) 的情况下执行界面测试，确保应用能够在不影响易用性的情况下适应较大的字号。

Keamanan

API level target minimum yang dapat diinstal

Mulai Android 14, aplikasi dengan targetSdkVersion di bawah 23 tidak dapat diinstal. Mewajibkan aplikasi memenuhi persyaratan API level target minimum akan meningkatkan keamanan dan privasi bagi pengguna.

Malware sering kali menargetkan API level lama untuk mengabaikan perlindungan privasi dan keamanan yang telah diperkenalkan dalam versi Android yang lebih baru. Misalnya, beberapa aplikasi malware menggunakan targetSdkVersion dari 22 agar tidak dikenai model izin runtime yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 2015 oleh Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). Perubahan Android 14 ini mempersulit malware untuk menghindari peningkatan keamanan dan privasi. Mencoba menginstal aplikasi yang menargetkan API level yang lebih rendah akan mengakibatkan kegagalan penginstalan, dengan pesan berikut muncul di Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

Pada perangkat yang diupgrade ke Android 14, aplikasi dengan targetSdkVersion yang lebih rendah dari 23 akan tetap diinstal.

Jika Anda perlu menguji aplikasi yang menargetkan API level lama, gunakan perintah ADB berikut:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Nama paket pemilik media mungkin akan disamarkan

媒体库支持查询 OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME 列，该列表示存储特定媒体文件的应用。从 Android 14 开始，除非满足以下条件之一，否则系统会隐去此值：

  • 存储媒体文件的应用有一个软件包名称始终对其他应用可见。

  • 查询媒体库的应用会请求 QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES 权限。

详细了解 Android 如何出于隐私保护目的而过滤软件包可见性。