Perubahan perilaku: semua aplikasi

Platform Android 14 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku untuk semua aplikasi saat dijalankan di Android 14, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion. Sebaiknya uji aplikasi Anda lalu modifikasi sesuai kebutuhan untuk mendukung perubahan ini dengan tepat, jika memungkinkan.

Selain itu, pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang hanya memengaruhi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14.

Fungsi inti

Menjadwalkan alarm yang tepat ditolak secara default

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

Siaran yang terdaftar dalam konteks dimasukkan ke dalam antrean saat aplikasi di-cache

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

Aplikasi hanya dapat menghentikan proses latar belakangnya sendiri

从 Android 14 开始，当您的应用调用 killBackgroundProcesses() 时，该 API 只能终止您自己应用的后台进程。

如果您传入另一个应用的软件包名称，此方法对该应用的后台进程没有影响，并且 Logcat 中会显示以下消息：

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

您的应用不应使用 killBackgroundProcesses() API，也不得以其他方式尝试影响其他应用的进程生命周期，即使在旧版操作系统上也是如此。Android 旨在让缓存应用在后台运行，并在系统需要内存时自动终止它们。如果您的应用会不必要地终止其他应用，则由于之后需要完全重启这些应用，因此可能会降低系统性能并增加耗电量，这比恢复现有缓存应用所消耗的资源要多得多。

注意：第三方应用无法改善 Android 设备的内存、电源或散热行为。您应确保您的应用符合 Google Play 关于误导性声明的政策。

MTU ditetapkan ke 517 untuk klien GATT pertama yang meminta MTU

Starting from Android 14, the Android Bluetooth stack more strictly adheres to Version 5.2 of the Bluetooth Core Specification and requests the BLE ATT MTU to 517 bytes when the first GATT client requests an MTU using the BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API, and disregards all subsequent MTU requests on that ACL connection.

Note: This change doesn't have an impact unless the peripheral device isn't handling the MTU negotiation properly and accepting any MTU size even if it doesn't support it. In such cases, it could cause issues when your app sends large amounts of data from Android 14 devices.

To address this change and make your app more robust, consider the following options:

• Your peripheral device should respond to the Android device's MTU request with a reasonable value that can be accommodated by the peripheral. The final negotiated value will be a minimum of the Android requested value and the remote provided value (for example, min(517, remoteMtu))
  • Implementing this fix could require a firmware update for peripheral
• Alternatively, limit your GATT characteristic writes based on the minimum between the known supported value of your peripheral and the received MTU change
  • A reminder that you should reduce 5 bytes from the supported size for the headers
  • For example: arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

Alasan baru aplikasi dapat ditempatkan di bucket standby terbatas

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

Note: See power management to see how the app is impacted if it is placed into the restricted bucket. The app is moved back to the active bucket when the user launches the app to the foreground, just as in previous Android versions.

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock dibatasi hingga 64 KB

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

Sistem menerapkan penggunaan resource aplikasi yang di-cache

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

Pengalaman pengguna

Perubahan pada cara pengguna menerima notifikasi yang tidak dapat ditutup

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

• When the phone is locked
• If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

• CallStyle notifications
• Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
• Media notifications
• The default Search Selector package

Informasi keamanan data terlihat lebih jelas

Untuk meningkatkan privasi pengguna, Android 14 meningkatkan jumlah tempat sistem menampilkan informasi yang telah Anda deklarasikan dalam formulir Konsol Play. Saat ini, pengguna dapat melihat informasi ini di bagian Keamanan data di listingan aplikasi Anda di Google Play.

Sebaiknya Anda meninjau kebijakan berbagi data lokasi aplikasi dan meluangkan waktu untuk melakukan update yang berlaku pada bagian Keamanan Data Google Play di aplikasi Anda.

Pelajari lebih lanjut dalam panduan tentang bagaimana informasi keamanan data lebih terlihat di Android 14.

Aksesibilitas

Penskalaan font non-linear ke 200%

从 Android 14 开始，系统支持将字体放大至最高 200%，为用户提供更多无障碍选项。

如果您已使用可缩放像素 (sp) 单位来定义文本大小，这项更改可能不会对您的应用产生太大影响。不过，您应在启用最大字号 (200%) 的情况下执行界面测试，确保应用能够在不影响易用性的情况下适应较大的字号。

Keamanan

API level target minimum yang dapat diinstal

Mulai Android 14, aplikasi dengan targetSdkVersion di bawah 23 tidak dapat diinstal. Mewajibkan aplikasi memenuhi persyaratan API level target minimum akan meningkatkan keamanan dan privasi bagi pengguna.

Malware sering kali menargetkan API level lama untuk mengabaikan perlindungan privasi dan keamanan yang telah diperkenalkan dalam versi Android yang lebih baru. Misalnya, beberapa aplikasi malware menggunakan targetSdkVersion dari 22 agar tidak dikenai model izin runtime yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 2015 oleh Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). Perubahan Android 14 ini mempersulit malware untuk menghindari peningkatan keamanan dan privasi. Mencoba menginstal aplikasi yang menargetkan API level yang lebih rendah akan mengakibatkan kegagalan penginstalan, dengan pesan berikut muncul di Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

Pada perangkat yang diupgrade ke Android 14, aplikasi dengan targetSdkVersion yang lebih rendah dari 23 akan tetap diinstal.

Jika Anda perlu menguji aplikasi yang menargetkan API level lama, gunakan perintah ADB berikut:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Nama paket pemilik media mungkin akan disamarkan

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

• The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.

• The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

  Caution: Use of the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission is subject to Google Play Policy.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.