前台服务类型是必填项

To help developers be more intentional with defining user-facing foreground services, Android 10 introduced the android:foregroundServiceType attribute within the <service> element.

If your app targets Android 14, it must specify appropriate foreground service types. As in previous versions of Android, multiple types can be combined. This list shows the foreground service types to choose from:

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, we strongly recommend that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

The health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse, and systemExempted types are new in Android 14.

The following code snippet provides an example of a foreground service type declaration in the manifest:

<manifest ...>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
    <application ...>
      <service
          android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
          android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
          android:exported="false">
      </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

If an app that targets Android 14 doesn't define types for a given service in the manifest, then the system will raise MissingForegroundServiceTypeException upon calling startForeground() for that service.

声明新权限来使用前台服务类型

如果以 Android 14 为目标平台的应用使用前台服务，则必须根据前台服务类型声明 Android 14 中引入的特定权限。这些权限显示在本页每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行部分中标记为“您必须在清单文件中声明的权限”的部分。

所有这些权限都定义为一般权限，并默认授予。用户无法撤消这些权限。

在运行时包含前台服务类型

The best practice for applications starting foreground services is to use the ServiceCompat version of startForeground() (available in androidx-core 1.12 and higher) where you pass in a bitwise integer of foreground service types. You can choose to pass one or more type values.

Usually, you should declare only the types required for a particular use case. This makes it easier to meet the system's expectations for each foreground service type. In cases where a foreground service is started with multiple types, then the foreground service must adhere to the platform enforcement requirements of all types.

ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

If the foreground service type is not specified in the call, the type defaults to the values defined in the manifest. If you didn't specify the service type in the manifest, the system throws MissingForegroundServiceTypeException.

If the foreground service needs new permissions after you launch it, you should call startForeground() again and add the new service types. For example, suppose a fitness app runs a running-tracker service that always needs location information, but might or might not need media permissions. You would need to declare both location and mediaPlayback in the manifest. If a user starts a run and just wants their location tracked, your app should call startForeground() and pass just the location service type. Then, if the user wants to start playing audio, call startForeground() again and pass location|mediaPlayback.

系统运行时检查

系统会检查前台服务类型的使用是否恰当，并确认应用是否已请求适当的运行时权限或使用所需的 API。例如，系统希望使用前台服务类型 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION 的应用请求 ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION 或 ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION。

这意味着，在向用户请求权限和启动前台服务时，应用必须遵循非常具体的操作顺序。应用在尝试调用 startForeground() 之前，必须先请求并获得所需的权限。在启动前台服务后请求相应权限的应用必须更改此顺序，并在启动前台服务之前请求该权限。

本页面的每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行部分中标记为“运行时要求”的部分列出了平台强制执行的具体内容。

每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行

为了使用给定的前台服务类型，您必须在清单文件中声明特定权限，必须满足特定的运行时要求，并且应用必须满足该类型的其中一组预期用例。以下部分介绍了您必须声明的权限、运行时前提条件以及每种类型的预期用例。

摄像头

要在 android:foregroundServiceType 下在清单中声明的前台服务类型

camera

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA

运行时前提条件

请求并获得 CAMERA 运行时权限

注意：CAMERA 运行时权限受使用时限制的约束。因此，除少数例外情况外，您无法在应用在后台运行时创建 camera 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要“使用时”权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

继续在后台访问相机，例如支持多任务的视频聊天应用。

连接的设备

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

connectedDevice

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Declare at least one of the following permissions in your manifest:
Request and be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:
Call UsbManager.requestPermission()

Description

Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.

Alternatives

If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.

If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.

数据同步

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

dataSync

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC

运行时前提条件

无

说明

数据传输操作，例如：

数据上传或下载
备份和恢复操作
导入或导出操作
获取数据
本地文件处理
通过网络在设备和云端之间传输数据

替代方案

如需了解详情，请参阅数据同步前台服务的替代方案。

健康

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

health

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH

运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

在清单中声明 HIGH_SAMPLING_RATE_SENSORS 权限。
至少请求并被授予以下其中一项运行时权限：
- 在 API 级别 35 及更低级别上使用 BODY_SENSORS
- READ_HEART_RATE
- READ_SKIN_TEMPERATURE
- READ_OXYGEN_SATURATION
- ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION

注意：BODY_SENSORS 和基于传感器的读取运行时权限受“在使用时”限制。因此，除非您已获得 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND（API 级别 33 到 35）或 READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND（API 级别 36 及更高级别）权限，否则您无法创建在应用处于后台运行时使用身体传感器的 health 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要使用时权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

为健身类别的应用（例如锻炼追踪器）提供支持的所有长时间运行的用例。

位置

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

location

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION

运行时前提条件

用户必须已启用位置信息服务，并且应用必须至少获得以下一项运行时权限：

注意：如需检查用户是否已启用位置信息服务以及是否已授予对运行时权限的访问权限，请使用 PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission()

注意：位置信息运行时权限受“使用期间”限制。因此，除非您已获得 ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION 运行时权限，否则无法在应用在后台运行时创建 location 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要“使用时”权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

需要位置信息使用权的长时间运行的用例，例如导航和位置信息分享。

替代方案

如果您的应用需要在用户到达特定位置时触发，请考虑改用 Geofence API。

媒体

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType: mediaPlayback
在清单中声明的权限: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
运行时前提条件: 无
说明: 在后台继续播放音频或视频。在 Android TV 上支持数字视频录制 (DVR) 功能。
替代方案: 如果您要显示画中画视频，请使用画中画模式。

媒体投影

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType: mediaProjection
在清单中声明的权限: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
运行时前提条件: 在启动前台服务之前调用 createScreenCaptureIntent() 方法。这样做会向用户显示权限通知；用户必须先授予权限，您才能创建服务。; 创建前台服务后，您可以调用 MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection()。
说明: 使用 MediaProjection API 将内容投影到非主要显示屏或外部设备。这些内容不必全都为媒体内容。
替代方案: 如需将媒体流式传输到其他设备，请使用 Google Cast SDK。

麦克风

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

microphone

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE

Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission.

Note: The RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a microphone foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue microphone capture from the background, such as voice recorders or communication apps.

致电

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

phoneCall

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of these conditions must be true:

App has declared the MANAGE_OWN_CALLS permission in its manifest file.

App is the default dialer app through the ROLE_DIALER role.

Description

Continue an ongoing call using the ConnectionService APIs.

Alternatives

If you need to make phone, video, or VoIP calls, consider using the android.telecom library.

Consider using CallScreeningService to screen calls.

远程消息传递

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType: remoteMessaging
在清单中声明的权限: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
运行时前提条件: 无
说明: 将短信从一台设备转移到另一台设备。在用户切换设备时，帮助确保用户消息任务的连续性。

短期服务

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

shortService

Permission to declare in your manifest

None

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
No support for sticky foreground services.
Cannot start other foreground services.
Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

特殊用途

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

specialUse

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE

运行时前提条件

无

说明

涵盖其他前台服务类型未涵盖的所有有效前台服务用例。

除了声明 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE 前台服务类型之外，开发者还应在清单中声明用例。为此，他们会在 <service> 元素内指定 <property> 元素。这些值和相应的应用场景。用途您提供的案例均为自由形式，因此，您应确保提供足够的相关信息，让审核人员了解您为何需要使用 specialUse 类型。

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

系统豁免

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

systemExempted

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

Device is in demo mode state
App is a Device Owner
App is a Profiler Owner
Safety Apps that have the ROLE_EMERGENCY role
Device Admin apps
Apps holding SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM or USE_EXACT_ALARM permission and are using Foreground Service to continue alarms in the background, including haptics-only alarms.
VPN apps (configured using Settings > Network & Internet > VPN)

Otherwise, declaring this type causes the system to throw a ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException.

使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策

如果您的应用以 Android 14 或更高版本为目标平台，您需要在 Play 管理中心的“应用内容”页面（政策 > 应用内容）中声明应用的前台服务类型。如需详细了解如何在 Play 管理中心内声明前台服务类型，请参阅了解前台服务和全屏 intent 要求。

前台服务类型是必填项 使用集合让一切井井有条 根据您的偏好保存内容并对其进行分类。

声明新权限来使用前台服务类型

在运行时包含前台服务类型

系统运行时检查

每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行

摄像头

连接的设备

数据同步

健康

位置

媒体

媒体投影

麦克风

致电

远程消息传递

短期服务

特殊用途

系统豁免

使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策

前台服务类型是必填项