Modifiche al comportamento: app che hanno come target Android 16 o versioni successive

Come le release precedenti, Android 16 include modifiche al comportamento che potrebbero influire sulla tua app. Le seguenti modifiche al comportamento si applicano esclusivamente alle app che hanno come target Android 16 o versioni successive. Se la tua app ha come target Android 16 o versioni successive, devi modificarla per supportare questi comportamenti, ove applicabile.

Assicurati di esaminare anche l'elenco delle modifiche al comportamento che interessano tutte le app in esecuzione su Android 16, indipendentemente dall'targetSdkVersion della tua app.

Esperienza utente e UI di sistema

Android 16 (livello API 36) include le seguenti modifiche volte a creare un'esperienza utente più coerente e intuitiva.

Rimozione della disattivazione edge-to-edge

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

Migrazione o disattivazione richieste per la funzionalità Indietro predittivo

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

The predictive back-to-home animation.

The predictive cross-activity animation.

The predictive cross-task animation.

API Elegant font deprecate e disabilitate

Le app che hanno come target Android 15 (livello API 35) hanno l'attributo elegantTextHeight TextView impostato su true per impostazione predefinita, sostituendo il carattere compatto con uno molto più leggibile. Puoi ignorare questa impostazione impostando l'attributo elegantTextHeight su false.

Android 16 ritira l'attributo elegantTextHeight e l'attributo verrà ignorato una volta che la tua app avrà come target Android 16. I "caratteri dell'interfaccia utente" controllati da queste API verranno ritirati, pertanto devi adattare tutti i layout per garantire il rendering del testo coerente e a prova di futuro in arabo, laotiano, birmano, tamil, gujarati, kannada, malayalam, odia, telugu o tailandese.

Comportamento di elegantTextHeight per le app che hanno come target Android 14 (livello API 34) e versioni precedenti o per le app che hanno come target Android 15 (livello API 35) che hanno sostituito il valore predefinito impostando l'attributo elegantTextHeight su false.

elegantTextHeight per le app che hanno come target Android 16 (livello API 36) o per le app che hanno come target Android 15 (livello API 35) che non hanno eseguito l'override del valore predefinito impostando l'attributo elegantTextHeight su false.

Funzionalità di base

Android 16 (livello API 36) include le seguenti modifiche che modificano o espandono varie funzionalità di base del sistema Android.

Ottimizzazione della pianificazione del lavoro a tariffa fissa

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

Fattori di forma dei dispositivi

Android 16 (livello API 36) include le seguenti modifiche per le app quando vengono visualizzate su dispositivi con schermi di grandi dimensioni.

Layout adattivi

现在，Android 应用可在各种设备（例如手机、平板电脑、可折叠设备、桌面设备、汽车和电视）上运行，并且在大屏设备上支持多种窗口模式（例如分屏和桌面窗口），因此开发者应构建能够适应任何屏幕和窗口尺寸的 Android 应用，无论设备方向如何。在当今多设备的世界中，限制屏幕方向和尺寸可调整性等范式过于严格。

忽略屏幕方向、尺寸可调整性和宽高比限制

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，Android 16 包含对系统管理屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制的方式的变更。在最小宽度大于或等于 600dp 的显示屏上，这些限制不再适用。应用还会填满整个显示窗口，无论宽高比或用户偏好的屏幕方向如何，都不会使用竖条模式。

此变更引入了新的标准平台行为。Android 正在向一种模型转变，在该模型中，应用需要适应各种屏幕方向、显示大小和宽高比。固定屏幕方向或有限的尺寸可调整性等限制会阻碍应用的适应性，因此我们建议让应用具备自适应能力，以提供尽可能出色的用户体验。

您还可以使用应用兼容性框架并启用 UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT 兼容性标志来测试此行为。

常见的重大更改

忽略屏幕方向、可调整大小性和宽高比限制可能会影响应用在某些设备上的界面，尤其是那些专为锁定为纵向的小布局设计的元素，例如布局拉伸、动画和组件超出屏幕等问题。任何关于宽高比或屏幕方向的假设都可能导致应用出现视觉问题。详细了解如何避免这些问题并改进应用的自适应行为。

允许设备旋转会导致更多 activity 重新创建，如果未正确保留，可能会导致用户状态丢失。如需了解如何正确保存界面状态，请参阅保存界面状态。

实现细节

在全屏模式和多窗口模式下，以下清单属性和运行时 API 会被大屏设备忽略：

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

系统会忽略 screenOrientation、setRequestedOrientation() 和 getRequestedOrientation() 的以下值：

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

对于显示屏可调整大小性，android:resizeableActivity="false"、android:minAspectRatio 和 android:maxAspectRatio 没有影响。

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，默认情况下，大屏设备会忽略应用屏幕方向、可调整尺寸性和宽高比限制，但尚未完全准备就绪的每个应用都可以选择停用此行为，从而暂时替换此行为（这会导致应用采用之前的行为，即放置在兼容模式下）。

异常

在以下情况下，Android 16 的屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制不适用：

• 游戏（基于 android:appCategory 标志）
• 用户在设备的宽高比设置中明确选择启用应用的默认行为
• 小于 sw600dp 的屏幕

暂时停用

如需选择停用特定 activity，请声明 PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY 清单属性：

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

如果您的应用有太多部分尚未准备好支持 Android 16，您可以在应用级别应用相同的属性，从而完全选择不启用该功能：

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

重要提示： 此选择停用是临时性的，在未来的 Android 版本中以 API 级别 37 为目标平台时，此选择停用将不再适用。也就是说，对于以 API 级别 37 为目标的应用，在至少为 sw600dp 的显示屏上，系统会忽略屏幕方向、尺寸可调整性和宽高比限制。

Salute e fitness

Android 16 (livello API 36) include le seguenti modifiche relative ai dati di salute e fitness.

Autorizzazioni per salute e fitness

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，BODY_SENSORS 权限使用 android.permissions.health 下更精细的权限，健康数据共享也使用这些权限。自 Android 16 起，凡是以前需要 BODY_SENSORS 或 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND 的 API，现在都需要获取相应的 android.permissions.health 权限。这会影响以下数据类型、API 和前台服务类型：

• HEART_RATE_BPM 来自 Wear OS 健康服务
• 来自 Android 传感器管理器的 Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE
• 在 Wear OS 上，ProtoLayout 中的 heartRateAccuracy 和 heartRateBpm
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH，其中需要使用相应的 android.permission.health 权限来代替 BODY_SENSORS

如果您的应用使用这些 API，则应请求相应的精细权限：

• 对于使用期间的心率、血氧饱和度或体表温度监测：请求 android.permissions.health 下的精细权限，例如 READ_HEART_RATE，而不是 BODY_SENSORS。
• 对于后台传感器访问权限：请求 READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND 而不是 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND。

这些权限与用于保护对 Health Connect（Android 健康、健身和身心状态数据存储区）中数据的读取访问权限相同。

移动应用

迁移到使用 READ_HEART_RATE 和其他精细权限的移动应用还必须声明 activity 以显示应用的隐私权政策。此要求与健康数据共享的要求相同。

重要提示： 如果未能提供移动应用的合理用途，相应权限将被撤消。

Connettività

Android 16 (livello API 36) include le seguenti modifiche nello stack Bluetooth per migliorare la connettività con i dispositivi periferici.

Nuovi intent per gestire la perdita di accoppiamento e le modifiche alla crittografia

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

  The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

  Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

  If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

  The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

  In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

Nuovo modo per rimuovere l'accoppiamento Bluetooth

All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a public API in CompanionDeviceManager. If a companion device is being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int) API on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

Sicurezza

Android 16 (livello API 36) include le seguenti modifiche alla sicurezza.

Blocco della versione di MediaStore

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

Intenti più sicuri

“更安全的 intent”功能是一项多阶段安全计划，旨在提升 Android 的 intent 解析机制的安全性。目标是在 intent 处理期间添加检查，并过滤不符合特定条件的 intent，从而保护应用免受恶意操作的侵害。

在 Android 15 中，该功能侧重于发送应用，现在在 Android 16 中，控制权转移到了接收应用，允许开发者使用其应用清单选择启用严格的 intent 解析。

我们正在实施两项关键变更：

1. 显式 intent 必须与目标组件的 intent 过滤器相匹配：如果 intent 显式定位到某个组件，则应与该组件的 intent 过滤器相匹配。

2. 没有操作的 intent 无法匹配任何 intent 过滤器：未指定操作的 intent 不应解析为任何 intent 过滤器。

这些变更仅在涉及多个应用时适用，不会影响单个应用内的 intent 处理。

影响

选择启用性质意味着，开发者必须在应用清单中明确启用它，才能使其生效。 因此，此功能的影响将仅限于以下应用（开发者）：

• 了解“更安全的 intent”功能及其优势。
• 主动选择在应用中采用更严格的 intent 处理实践。

这种选择性采用的方法可最大限度地降低破坏可能依赖于当前不太安全的 intent 解析行为的现有应用的风险。

虽然在 Android 16 中，初始影响可能有限，但“更安全的 intent”计划的路线图显示，未来 Android 版本中会产生更广泛的影响。我们计划最终将严格的 intent 解析设为默认行为。

“更安全的 intent”功能可让恶意应用更难利用 intent 解析机制中的漏洞，从而显著提升 Android 生态系统的安全性。

不过，向选择退出和强制执行的过渡必须谨慎管理，以解决现有应用的潜在兼容性问题。

实现

开发者需要在应用清单中使用 intentMatchingFlags 属性明确启用更严格的 intent 匹配。 以下示例展示了如何为整个应用选择启用该功能，但在接收器上停用/选择停用该功能：

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

注意： 该属性也可以在 <application> 标记以及组件标记（例如 <activity>、<activity-alias>、<receiver>、<service>、<provider>）上指定，并且组件上的属性可用于替换 <application> 标记上的属性

有关支持的标志的更多信息：

标志名称	说明
enforceIntentFilter	对传入的 intent 强制执行更严格的匹配
none	停用针对传入 intent 的所有特殊匹配规则。指定多个标志时，系统会优先考虑“无”标志，以解决值冲突问题
allowNullAction	放宽了匹配规则，允许匹配没有操作的 intent。此标志与“enforceIntentFilter”结合使用可实现特定行为

测试和调试

在强制执行处于有效状态时，如果 intent 调用方已正确填充 intent，应用应能正常运行。 不过，被屏蔽的 intent 会触发警告日志消息（例如 "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" 和 "Access blocked:"），并带有标记 "PackageManager."。这表示存在可能会影响应用的潜在问题，需要引起注意。

Logcat 过滤条件：

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

Privacy

Android 16 (livello API 36) include le seguenti modifiche alla privacy.

Autorizzazione di accesso alla rete locale

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

App Low Level Network Operation	Local Network Permission Required
Making an outgoing TCP connection	yes
Accepting incoming TCP connections	yes
Sending a UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast	yes
Receiving an incoming UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast	yes

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Note: Traffic originating from Android Webviews that require local network access will inherit permission state from the host app

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Note: Many media casting scenarios depend on access to the local network and will be impacted by this change. However, not all apps which offer casting will need to request the new permission. Future APIs and guidance for dealing with casting scenarios will be provided in 25Q4.

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Note: In a future Android release, this feature will be guarded by a new permission in the Nearby devices permission group

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Permission	Outbound LAN Request	Outbound/Inbound Internet Request	Inbound LAN Request
Granted	Works	Works	Works
Not Granted	Fails	Works	Fails

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

Foto di proprietà dell'app

当面向 SDK 36 或更高版本的应用在搭载 Android 16 或更高版本的设备上提示用户授予照片和视频权限时，如果用户选择限制对所选媒体的访问权限，则会在照片选择器中看到该应用拥有的所有照片。用户可以取消选择任何这些预选项，这会撤消该应用对这些照片和视频的访问权限。