从 Android 14(API 级别 34)开始,您必须为每项前台服务声明适当的服务类型。这意味着,除了请求 FOREGROUND_SERVICE
权限之外,您还必须在应用清单中声明服务类型,并请求相应类型的前台服务权限。此外,根据前台服务类型,您可能需要在启动服务之前请求运行时权限。
相机
- 要在
android:foregroundServiceType
下在清单中声明的前台服务类型 camera
- 在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA
- 要传递给
startForeground()
的常量 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA
- 运行时前提条件
请求并获得
CAMERA
运行时权限- 说明
继续在后台访问相机,例如支持多任务的视频聊天应用。
连接的设备
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
connectedDevice
- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
- Constant to pass to
startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
- Runtime prerequisites
At least one of the following conditions must be true:
Declare at least one of the following permissions in your manifest:
Request and be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:
- Description
Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.
- Alternatives
If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.
If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.
数据同步
- 要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
dataSync
- 在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC
- 要传递给
startForeground()
的常量 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC
- 运行时前提条件
- 无
- 说明
数据传输操作,例如:
- 数据上传或下载
- 备份和恢复操作
- 导入或导出操作
- 获取数据
- 本地文件处理
- 通过网络在设备和云端之间传输数据
- 替代方案
如需了解详情,请参阅数据同步前台服务的替代方案。
健康
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
health
- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH
- Constant to pass to
startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
- Runtime prerequisites
At least one of the following conditions must be true:
Declare the
HIGH_SAMPLING_RATE_SENSORS
permission in your manifest.Request and be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:
- Description
Any long-running use cases to support apps in the fitness category such as exercise trackers.
位置
- 要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
location
- 在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION
- 要传递给
startForeground()
的常量 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION
- 运行时前提条件
用户必须已启用位置信息服务,并且应用必须至少获得以下一项运行时权限:
- 说明
需要位置信息使用权的长时间运行的用例,例如导航和位置信息分享。
- 替代方案
如果您的应用需要在用户到达特定位置时触发,请考虑改用 Geofence API。
媒体
- 要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaPlayback
- 在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
- 要传递给
startForeground()
的常量 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
- 运行时前提条件
- 无
- 说明
在后台继续播放音频或视频。在 Android TV 上支持数字视频录制 (DVR) 功能。
- 替代方案
如果您要显示画中画视频,请使用画中画模式。
仍在处理中的媒体内容
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProcessing
- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
- Constant to pass to
startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
- Runtime prerequisites
- None
- Description
Service for performing time-consuming operations on media assets, like converting media to different formats. The system allows this service a limited time to run; under normal circumstances, this time limit would be 6 hours out of every 24. (This limit is shared by all of an app's
mediaProcessing
foreground services.)Your app should manually stop the media processing service in the following scenario:
- When the transcoding operation finishes or reaches a failure state, have the
service call
Service.stopForeground()
andService.stopSelf()
to stop the service completely.
- When the transcoding operation finishes or reaches a failure state, have the
service call
If the timeout period is reached, the system calls the service's
Service.onTimeout(int, int)
method. At this time, the service has a few seconds to callService.stopSelf()
. If the service does not callService.stopSelf()
, an ANR will occur with this error message: "A foreground service of <fgs_type> did not stop within its timeout: <component_name>".Note:
Service.onTimeout(int, int)
is not available on Android 14 or lower. On devices running those versions, if a media processing service reaches the timeout period, the system immediately caches the app. For this reason, your app shouldn't wait to get a timeout notification. Instead, it should terminate the foreground service or change it to a background service as soon as appropriate.
媒体投影
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProjection
- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
- Constant to pass to
startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
- Runtime prerequisites
Call the
createScreenCaptureIntent()
method before starting the foreground service. Doing so shows a permission notification to the user; the user must grant the permission before you can create the service.After you have created the foreground service, you can call
MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection()
.- Description
Project content to non-primary display or external device using the
MediaProjection
APIs. This content doesn't have to be exclusively media content.- Alternatives
To stream media to another device, use the Google Cast SDK.
麦克风
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
microphone
- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE
- Constant to pass to
startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE
- Runtime prerequisites
Request and be granted the
RECORD_AUDIO
runtime permission.- Description
Continue microphone capture from the background, such as voice recorders or communication apps.
致电
- 要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
phoneCall
- 在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL
- 要传递给
startForeground()
的常量 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL
- 运行时前提条件
必须至少满足以下其中一个条件:
- 应用已在其清单文件中声明
MANAGE_OWN_CALLS
权限。
- 应用已在其清单文件中声明
- 应用是通过
ROLE_DIALER
角色的默认拨号器应用。
- 应用是通过
- 说明
使用
ConnectionService
API 继续当前通话。- 替代方案
如果您需要拨打电话、视频通话或 VoIP 通话,不妨考虑使用
android.telecom
库。考虑使用
CallScreeningService
来过滤来电。
远程消息传递
- 要在其清单中声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
remoteMessaging
- 在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
- 要传递给
startForeground()
的常量 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
- 运行时前提条件
- 无
- 说明
- 将短信从一台设备转移到另一台设备。在用户切换设备时,帮助确保用户消息任务的连续性。
短期服务
- 要在其清单中声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
shortService
- 在清单中声明的权限
- 无
- 要传递给
startForeground()
的常量 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
- 运行时前提条件
- 无
- 说明
快速完成不可中断或推迟的关键工作。
这种类型有一些独特的特征:
- 只能持续运行一小段时间(大约 3 分钟)。
- 不支持粘性前台服务。
- 无法启动其他前台服务。
- 不需要类型专用权限,不过它仍需要
FOREGROUND_SERVICE
权限。 - 只有当应用当前有资格启动新的前台服务时,
shortService
才能更改为另一种服务类型。 - 前台服务可以随时将其类型更改为
shortService
,届时超时期限将开始。
shortService 的超时时间从调用
Service.startForeground()
开始算起。应用应在发生超时之前调用Service.stopSelf()
或Service.stopForeground()
。否则,系统会调用新的Service.onTimeout()
,让应用有机会调用stopSelf()
或stopForeground()
来停止其服务。调用
Service.onTimeout()
后的短时间内,应用会进入缓存状态,并且不再被视为处于前台,除非用户正在主动与应用互动。应用缓存一小段时间后,服务还未停止,该应用会收到 ANR 消息。ANR 消息提及FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
。出于这些原因,实现Service.onTimeout()
回调被视为一种最佳实践。Android 13 及更低版本中不存在
Service.onTimeout()
回调。如果同一服务在此类设备上运行,则不会出现超时,也不会发生 ANR。确保您的服务在完成处理任务后立即停止,即使它尚未收到Service.onTimeout()
回调也是如此。请务必注意,如果未遵循
shortService
的超时设置,即使应用还有其他有效的前台服务或其他应用生命周期进程,应用也会遇到 ANR。如果应用对用户可见,或满足允许从后台启动前台服务的某一豁免条件,则使用
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
参数再次调用Service.StartForeground()
会将超时时间再延长 3 分钟。如果应用对用户不可见且不满足其中一个豁免条件,则尝试启动其他前台服务(无论其类型如何)都会导致ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException
。即使用户为您的应用停用电池优化功能,仍然会受到 shortService FGS 的影响。
如果您启动包含
shortService
类型和另一个前台服务类型的前台服务,系统会忽略shortService
类型声明。不过,该服务仍必须遵守其他声明类型的前提条件。如需了解详情,请参阅前台服务文档。
特殊用途
- 要在清单中声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
specialUse
- 在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE
- 要传递给
startForeground()
的常量 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE
- 运行时前提条件
- 无
- 说明
涵盖其他前台服务类型未涵盖的所有有效前台服务用例。
除了声明
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE
前台服务类型之外,开发者还应在清单中声明用例。为此,他们会在<service>
元素内指定<property>
元素。这些值和相应的应用场景 。用途 您提供的案例均为自由形式,因此,您应确保提供足够的 提供相关信息,让审核者了解您为何需要使用specialUse
类型。<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"> <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE" android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/> </service>
系统豁免
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
systemExempted
- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
- Constant to pass to
startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
- Runtime prerequisites
- None
- Description
Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.
To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:
- Device is in demo mode state
- App is a Device Owner
- App is a Profiler Owner
- Safety Apps that have the
ROLE_EMERGENCY
role - Device Admin apps
- Apps holding
SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM
orUSE_EXACT_ALARM
permission VPN apps (configured using Settings > Network & Internet > VPN)
Otherwise, declaring this type causes the system to throw a
ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException
.
使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策
如果您的应用以 Android 14 或更高版本为目标平台,您需要在 Play 管理中心的“应用内容”页面(政策 > 应用内容)中声明应用的前台服务类型。如需详细了解如何在 Play 管理中心内声明前台服务类型,请参阅了解前台服务和全屏 intent 要求。