Mudanças de comportamento: todos os apps

A plataforma Android 14 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças de comportamento a seguir se aplicam a todos os apps executados no Android 14, independente da targetSdkVersion. Teste seu app e modifique-o conforme necessário para ficar compatível com essas mudanças, quando aplicável.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam apenas os apps destinados ao Android 14.

Principal recurso

Programar alarmes exatos não é permitido por padrão

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

As transmissões registradas em contexto são enfileiradas enquanto os apps são armazenados em cache

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

Os apps só podem encerrar os próprios processos em segundo plano

A partir do Android 14, quando o app chamar killBackgroundProcesses(), a API poderá encerrar apenas os processos em segundo plano do próprio app.

Se você transmitir o nome do pacote de outro app, esse método não afetará os processos em segundo plano desse app, e esta mensagem vai aparecer no Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

O app não pode usar a API killBackgroundProcesses() nem tentar influenciar o ciclo de vida do processo de outros apps, mesmo em versões mais antigas do SO. O Android foi projetado para manter apps em cache em segundo plano e encerrá-los automaticamente quando o sistema precisa de memória. Se o app encerrar outros apps desnecessariamente, isso poderá reduzir o desempenho do sistema e aumentar o consumo da bateria exigindo reinicializações completas dos apps mais tarde, o que consome muito mais recursos que retomar um app existente armazenado em cache.

A MTU está definida como 517 para o primeiro cliente GATT que solicita uma MTU

从 Android 14 开始，Android 蓝牙堆栈会更严格地遵循 蓝牙核心规范 5.2 版，并在第一个 GATT 客户端使用 BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API 请求 MTU 时将 BLE ATT MTU 请求设为 517 字节，并忽略该 ACL 连接上的所有后续 MTU 请求。

如需解决此更改并使您的应用更为稳健，请考虑以下选项：

  • 您的外围设备应使用外围设备可以容纳的合理值来响应 Android 设备的 MTU 请求。最终协商的值将是 Android 请求的值和远程提供的值（例如 min(517, remoteMtu)）的较小值
    • 实现此修复程序可能需要更新外围设备的固件
  • 或者，您也可以根据外围设备的已知支持值与收到的 MTU 更改值之间的最小值来限制 GATT 特征写入
    • 提醒您，应将标头的支持大小减小 5 个字节
    • 例如：arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

Novo motivo para um app ser colocado no bucket de espera restrito

Android 14 引入了一种可将应用放入受限待机模式存储分区的新原因。由于 onStartJob、onStopJob 或 onBind 方法超时，应用的作业多次触发 ANR 错误。（如需了解对 onStartJob 和 onStopJob 的更改，请参阅 JobScheduler 强化了回调和网络行为。）

如需跟踪应用是否已进入受限待机分桶，我们建议您在作业执行时使用 API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() 进行日志记录，或在应用启动时使用 UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() 进行日志记录。

mlock limitado a 64 KB

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

O sistema impõe o uso de recursos de apps armazenados em cache

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

Experiência do usuário

Mudanças na experiência dos usuários com notificações não dispensáveis

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

  • When the phone is locked
  • If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

  • CallStyle notifications
  • Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
  • Media notifications
  • The default Search Selector package

As informações de segurança dos dados estão mais visíveis

为了加强用户隐私保护，Android 14 增加了系统显示您在 Play 管理中心表单中声明的信息的位置数量。目前，用户可以在 Google Play 中的应用详情的数据安全部分查看此信息。

我们建议您查看应用的位置数据分享政策，并花一点时间对应用的 Google Play“数据安全”部分进行任何适用的更新。

如需了解详情，请参阅有关如何在 Android 14 上以更显眼的方式显示数据安全信息的指南。

Acessibilidade

Dimensionamento de fonte não linear para 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then this change probably won't have a high impact on your app. However, you should perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

Segurança

Nível mínimo desejado para a instalação da API

从 Android 14 开始，targetSdkVersion 低于 23 的应用无法安装。要求应用满足这些最低目标 API 级别要求有助于提高用户的安全性和隐私性。

恶意软件通常会以较旧的 API 级别为目标平台，以绕过在较新版本 Android 中引入的安全和隐私保护机制。例如，有些恶意软件应用使用 targetSdkVersion 22，以避免受到 Android 6.0 Marshmallow（API 级别 23）在 2015 年引入的运行时权限模型的约束。这项 Android 14 变更使恶意软件更难以规避安全和隐私权方面的改进限制。尝试安装以较低 API 级别为目标平台的应用将导致安装失败，并且 Logcat 中会显示以下消息：

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

在升级到 Android 14 的设备上，targetSdkVersion 低于 23 的所有应用都将继续保持安装状态。

如果您需要测试以旧版 API 级别为目标平台的应用，请使用以下 ADB 命令：

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Os nomes dos pacotes de proprietários de mídia podem ser editados

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

  • The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.

  • The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.