Verhaltensänderungen: alle Apps

Die Android 16-Plattform enthält Verhaltensänderungen, die sich auf deine App auswirken können. Die folgenden Verhaltensänderungen gelten für alle Apps , wenn sie unter Android 16 ausgeführt werden, unabhängig von targetSdkVersion. Du solltest deine App testen und sie dann gegebenenfalls an diese Änderungen anpassen.

Sieh dir auch die Liste der Verhaltensänderungen an, die sich nur auf Apps auswirken, die auf Android 16 ausgerichtet sind.

Hauptfunktion

Android 16 (API‑Level 36) enthält die folgenden Änderungen, die verschiedene Kernfunktionen des Android-Systems ändern oder erweitern.

Optimierungen des JobScheduler-Kontingents

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

• Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
• If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
• If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For information about how your app's state affects the resources it can use, see Power management resource limits. For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Grund für das Beenden leerer Jobs

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

Vollständige Einstellung von JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

Der Bereich für die Priorität geordneter Broadcasts ist nicht mehr global

Android 应用可以为广播接收器定义优先级，以控制接收器接收和处理广播的顺序。对于清单声明的接收器，应用可以使用 android:priority 属性来定义优先级；对于上下文注册的接收器，应用可以使用 IntentFilter#setPriority() API 来定义优先级。发送广播时，系统会按接收器的优先级（从高到低）将其传送给接收器。

在 Android 16 中，无法保证使用 android:priority 属性或 IntentFilter#setPriority() 在不同进程中传送广播的顺序。广播优先级仅在同一应用进程内有效，而不会跨所有进程有效。

此外，广播优先级将自动限制在 (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1) 的范围内。只有系统组件才能将 SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY、SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY 设置为广播优先级。

如果您的应用执行以下任一操作，可能会受到影响：

1. 您的应用声明了具有相同广播 intent 的多个进程，并且希望根据优先级以特定顺序接收这些 intent。
2. 您的应用进程与其他进程交互，并期望以特定顺序接收广播 intent。

如果进程需要相互协调，则应使用其他协调渠道进行通信。

Interne Änderungen an ART

Android 16 包含 Android 运行时 (ART) 的最新更新，这些更新可提升 Android 运行时 (ART) 的性能，并支持更多 Java 功能。通过 Google Play 系统更新，搭载 Android 12（API 级别 31）及更高版本的 10 亿多部设备也将受益于这些改进。

发布这些变更后，依赖于 ART 内部结构的库和应用代码在搭载 Android 16 的设备以及通过 Google Play 系统更新来更新 ART 模块的较低 Android 版本上可能无法正常运行。

依赖于内部结构（例如非 SDK 接口）始终会导致兼容性问题，但避免依赖于利用内部 ART 结构的代码（或包含代码的库）尤为重要，因为 ART 更改与设备所运行的平台版本无关，并且会通过 Google Play 系统更新推送到超过 10 亿部设备。

所有开发者都应在 Android 16 上对其应用进行全面测试，以检查其应用是否受到影响。此外，请查看已知问题，了解您的应用是否依赖于我们发现的任何依赖于内部 ART 结构的库。如果您的应用代码或库依赖项受到影响，请尽可能寻找公共 API 替代方案，并在问题跟踪器中创建功能请求，为新用例请求公共 API。

Kompatibilitätsmodus für die Seitengröße von 16 KB

Android 15 引入了对 16 KB 内存页面的支持，以优化平台性能。Android 16 添加了兼容模式，让一些针对 4 KB 内存页面构建的应用可以在配置为 16 KB 内存页面的设备上运行。

当您的应用在搭载 Android 16 或更高版本的设备上运行时，如果 Android 检测到您的应用具有 4 KB 对齐的内存页面，则会自动使用兼容模式并向用户显示通知对话框。在 AndroidManifest.xml 中设置 android:pageSizeCompat 属性以启用向后兼容模式，将会阻止应用启动时显示对话框。如需使用 android:pageSizeCompat 属性，请使用 Android 16 SDK 编译您的应用。

为了实现最佳性能、可靠性和稳定性，应用仍应以 16 KB 对齐。如需了解详情，请参阅我们近期发布的博文，了解如何更新应用以支持 16 KB 的内存页面。

兼容模式对话框：当系统检测到 4 KB 对齐的应用在 16 KB 对齐的情况下可以更高效地运行时，系统会显示此对话框。

Nutzererfahrung und System-UI

Android 16 (API‑Level 36) enthält die folgenden Änderungen, die eine einheitlichere und intuitivere Nutzererfahrung schaffen sollen.

Einstellung störender Bedienungshilfen-Ansagen

Android 16 deprecates accessibility announcements, characterized by the use of announceForAccessibility or the dispatch of TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT accessibility events. These can create inconsistent user experiences for users of TalkBack and Android's screen reader, and alternatives better serve a broader range of user needs across a variety of Android's assistive technologies.

Examples of alternatives:

• For significant UI changes like window changes, use Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) and setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
• To inform the user of changes to critical UI, use setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]} . These should be used sparingly as they may generate announcements every time a View is updated.
• To notify users about errors, send an AccessibilityEvent of type AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR and set AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence), or use TextView#setError(CharSequence).

The reference documentation for the deprecated announceForAccessibility API includes more details about suggested alternatives.

Unterstützung für die Bedienung über 3 Buttons

Android 16 brings predictive back support to the 3-button navigation for apps that have properly migrated to predictive back. Long-pressing the back button initiates a predictive back animation, giving you a preview of where the back swipe takes you.

This behavior applies across all areas of the system that support predictive back animations, including the system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity).

The predictive back animations in 3-button navigation mode.

Automatische Designs für App-Symbole

Beginning with Android 16 QPR 2, Android automatically applies themes to app icons to create a cohesive home screen experience. This occurs if an app does not provide its own themed app icon. Apps can control the design of their themed app icon by including a monochrome layer within their adaptive icon and previewing what their app icon will look like in Android Studio.

Formfaktoren von Geräten

Android 16 (API‑Level 36) enthält die folgenden Änderungen für Apps, wenn sie von Besitzern virtueller Geräte auf Displays projiziert werden.

Überschreibungen durch Besitzer virtueller Geräte

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Sicherheit

Android 16 (API‑Level 36) enthält Änderungen, die die Systemsicherheit verbessern, um Apps und Nutzer vor schädlichen Apps zu schützen.

Verbesserter Schutz vor Angriffen durch Intent-Umleitung

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

Important: Opting out of security protections should be done with caution and only when absolutely necessary, as it can increase the risk of security vulnerabilities. Carefully assess the potential impact on your app's security before using this API.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

Caution: Using reflection can make your code more fragile and prone to errors, especially if the underlying API changes in future Android versions. Whenever possible, update your compile SDK to target Android 16 (API level 36) or higher to use the API directly.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Companion-Apps werden nicht mehr über Time-outs bei der Suche benachrichtigt

Android 16 introduces a new behavior during companion device pairing flow to protect the user's location privacy from malicious apps. All companion apps running on Android 16 are no longer directly notified of discovery timeout using RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT. Instead, the user is notified of timeout events with a visual dialog. When the user dismisses the dialog, the app is alerted of the association failure with RESULT_USER_REJECTED.

The search duration has also been extended from the original 20 seconds, and the device discovery can be stopped by the user at any point during the search. If at least one device was discovered within the first 20 seconds of starting the search, the CDM stops searching for additional devices.

Konnektivität

Android 16 (API‑Level 36) enthält die folgenden Änderungen am Bluetooth-Stack, um die Konnektivität mit Peripheriegeräten zu verbessern.

Verbesserte Verarbeitung von Verbindungsverlusten

Starting in Android 16, the Bluetooth stack has been updated to improve security and user experience when a remote bond loss is detected. Previously, the system would automatically remove the bond and initiate a new pairing process, which could lead to unintentional re-pairing. We have seen in many instances apps not taking care of the bond loss event in a consistent way.

To unify the experience, Android 16 improved the bond loss handling to the system. If a previously bonded Bluetooth device could not be authenticated upon reconnection, the system will disconnect the link, retain local bond information, and display a system dialog informing users of the bond loss and directing them to re-pair.