Chuyển dữ liệu do người dùng yêu cầu

If you need to perform a data transfer that may take a long time, you can create a JobScheduler job and identify it as a user-initiated data transfer (UIDT) job. UIDT jobs are intended for longer-duration data transfers that are initiated by the device user, such as downloading a file from a remote server. UIDT jobs were introduced with Android 14 (API level 34).

User-initiated data transfer jobs are started by the user. These jobs require a notification, start immediately, and may be able to run for an extended period of time as system conditions allow. You can run several user-initiated data transfer jobs concurrently.

User initiated jobs must be scheduled while the application is visible to the user (or in one of the allowed conditions). After all constraints are met, user initiated jobs can be executed by the OS, subject to system health restrictions. The system may also use the provided estimated payload size to determine how long the job executes.

Note: If you're currently using WorkManager for network data transfer use cases that are short duration and interruptible, we recommend that you continue using WorkManager instead of changing to user-initiated data transfer jobs. To understand better if you should be using UIDT, see the Data transfer background task options documentation.

Lên lịch cho công việc chuyển dữ liệu do người dùng khởi tạo

To run a user initiated data-transfer job, do the following:

1. Make sure your app has declared the JobService and associated permissions in its manifest:

   <service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
           android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
           android:exported="false">
           ...
   </service>
   

   Also, define a concrete subclass of JobService for your data transfer:

   Kotlin

   class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
     ...
   }

   Java

   class CustomTransferService extends JobService() {
   
       ....
   
   }

2. Declare the RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS permission in the manifest:

   <manifest ...>
       <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
       <application ...>
           ...
       </application>
   </manifest>
   

3. Call the setUserInitiated() method when building a JobInfo object. (This method is available beginning with Android 14.) We also recommend that you offer a payload size estimate by calling setEstimatedNetworkBytes() while creating your job.

   Kotlin

   val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
           // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
           // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
           // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
           // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
           .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
           .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
           .build()
   
   val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
                 ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService::class.java))
           // ...
           .setUserInitiated(true)
           .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder)
           // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
           .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
           // ...
           .build()

   Java

   NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
       // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
       // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
       // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
       // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
       .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
       .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
       .build();
   
   JobInfo jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
           new ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService.class))
       // ...
       .setUserInitiated(true)
       .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequest)
       // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
       .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
       // ...
       .build();

4. While the job is being executed, call setNotification() on the JobService object. Calling setNotification() makes the user aware that the job is running, both in the Task Manager and in the status bar notification area.

   When execution is complete, call jobFinished() to signal to the system that the job is complete, or that the job should be rescheduled.

   Kotlin

   class CustomTransferService: JobService() {
       private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO)
   
       @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
       override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters): Boolean {
           val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext,
                                 NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
               .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
               .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
               .setContentText("Job is running")
               .build()
   
           setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                   JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
           // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
           scope.launch {
               doDownload(params)
           }
           return true
       }
   
       private suspend fun doDownload(params: JobParameters) {
           // Run the relevant async download task, then call
           // jobFinished once the task is completed.
           jobFinished(params, false)
       }
   
       // Called when the system stops the job.
       override fun onStopJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
           // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
           // stop reason.
           return true // or return false if job should end entirely
       }
   }

   Java

   class CustomTransferService extends JobService{
       @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
       @Override
       public boolean onStartJob(JobParameters params) {
           Notification notification = Notification.Builder(getBaseContext(),
                                           NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
                   .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
                   .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
                   .setContentText("Job is running")
                   .build();
   
           setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                             JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
           // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
           new Thread(() -> doDownload(params)).start();
           return true;
       }
   
       private void doDownload(JobParameters params) {
           // Run the relevant async download task, then call
           // jobFinished once the task is completed.
           jobFinished(params, false);
       }
   
       // Called when the system stops the job.
       @Override
       public boolean onStopJob(JobParameters params) {
           // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
           // stop reason.
           return true; // or return false if job should end entirely
       }
   }

5. Periodically update the notification to keep the user informed of the job's status and progress. If you cannot determine the transfer size ahead of scheduling the job, or need to update the estimated transfer size, use the new API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes() to update the transfer size after it becomes known.

Recommendations

To run UIDT jobs effectively, do the following:

1. Clearly define network constraints and job execution constraints to specify when the job should be executed.

2. Execute the task asynchronously in onStartJob(); for example, you can do this by using a coroutine. If you don't run the task asynchronously, the work runs on the main thread and might block it, which can cause an ANR.

3. To avoid running the job longer than necessary, call jobFinished() when the transfer finishes, whether it succeeds or fails. That way, the job doesn't run longer than necessary. To discover why a job was stopped, implement the onStopJob() callback method and call JobParameters.getStopReason().

Khả năng tương thích ngược

There is currently no Jetpack library that supports UIDT jobs. For this reason, we recommend that you gate your change with code that verifies that you're running on Android 14 or higher. On lower Android versions, you can use WorkManager's foreground service implementation as a fallback approach.

Here's an example of code that checks for the appropriate system version:

Kotlin

fun beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context)
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context)
    }
}

private fun scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context: Context) {
    // build jobInfo
    val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
        context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)
}

private fun scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context: Context) {
    val myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker::class.java)
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Java

public void beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context);
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context);
    }
}

private void scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(Context context) {
    // build jobInfo
    JobScheduler jobScheduler =
            (JobScheduler) context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo);
}

private void scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(Context context) {
    OneTimeWorkRequest myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker.class);
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Dừng các công việc UIDT

Cả người dùng và hệ thống đều có thể ngừng các công việc chuyển dữ liệu do người dùng khởi tạo.

Do người dùng đưa ra trên Trình quản lý tác vụ

用户可以停止显示在任务管理器中的用户发起的传输作业。

在用户按 Stop 时，系统会执行以下操作：

• 立即终止应用的进程，包括正在运行的所有其他作业或前台服务。
• 不针对任何正在运行的作业调用 onStopJob()。
• 阻止重新调度用户可见的作业。

因此，建议在发布的作业通知中提供控件，以便顺利停止和重新调度作业。

请注意，在特殊情况下，Stop 按钮不会显示在任务管理器中的作业旁边，或者该作业根本不会显示在任务管理器中。

Do hệ thống

Khác với các công việc thông thường, công việc chuyển dữ liệu do người dùng khởi tạo sẽ không bị ảnh hưởng bởi hạn mức Bộ chứa chế độ chờ ứng dụng (App Standby Buckets). Tuy nhiên, hệ thống vẫn sẽ dừng công việc đó trong điều kiện bất kỳ sau đây:

• Không còn đáp ứng quy tắc ràng buộc do nhà phát triển xác định nữa.
• Hệ thống xác định rằng công việc đã chạy lâu hơn mức cần thiết để hoàn tất tác vụ chuyển dữ liệu.
• Tình trạng của hệ thống là vấn đề cần ưu tiên, đồng dừng công việc do nhiệt độ tăng.
• Dừng quá trình của ứng dụng do còn ít bộ nhớ trên thiết bị.

Khi hệ thống dừng công việc vì những lý do khác với việc thiết bị còn ít bộ nhớ, hệ thống sẽ gọi onStopJob() và thử lại công việc đó vào thời điểm hệ thống cho là tối ưu. Đảm bảo rằng ứng dụng của bạn có thể duy trì trạng thái chuyển dữ liệu ngay cả khi onStopJob() không được gọi, cũng như có thể khôi phục trạng thái này khi onStartJob() được gọi lại.

Các điều kiện được cho phép để lên lịch công việc chuyển dữ liệu do người dùng khởi tạo

只有当应用处于可见窗口中或满足特定条件时，应用才能启动用户发起的数据传输作业：

• 如果应用可以从后台启动 activity，则也可以从后台启动用户发起的数据传输作业。
• 如果应用在最近用过屏幕上现有任务的返回堆栈中有 activity，单靠这一点并不允许运行用户发起的数据传输作业。

注意： 从后台启动 UIDT 作业的条件与允许应用从后台启动前台服务的豁免条件不同。

如果作业安排在未满足必要条件的时间运行，则作业将失败并返回 RESULT_FAILURE 错误代码。

Các hạn chế được cho phép đối với công việc chuyển dữ liệu do người dùng khởi tạo

To support jobs running at optimal points, Android offers the ability to assign constraints to each job type. These constraints are available as of Android 13.

Note: The following table only compares the constraints that vary between each job type. See JobScheduler developer page or work constraints for all constraints.

The following table shows the different job types that support a given job constraint, as well as the set of job constraints that WorkManager supports. Use the search bar before the table to filter the table by the name of a job constraint method.

These are the constraints allowed with user-initiated data transfer jobs:

• setBackoffCriteria(JobInfo.BACKOFF_POLICY_EXPONENTIAL)
• setClipData()
• setEstimatedNetworkBytes()
• setMinimumNetworkChunkBytes()
• setPersisted()
• setNamespace()
• setRequiredNetwork()
• setRequiredNetworkType()
• setRequiresBatteryNotLow()
• setRequiresCharging()
• setRequiresStorageNotLow()

Thử nghiệm

下面列出了有关如何手动测试应用作业的一些步骤：

• 如需获取作业 ID，请获取在构建作业时定义的值。

• 如需立即运行作业或重试已停止的作业，请在终端窗口中运行以下命令：

  adb shell cmd jobscheduler run -f APP_PACKAGE_NAME JOB_ID

• 如需模拟系统强行停止作业（由于系统运行状况或超出配额条件），请在终端窗口中运行以下命令：

  adb shell cmd jobscheduler timeout TEST_APP_PACKAGE TEST_JOB_ID

Xem thêm

• Tổng quan về tác vụ trong nền
• Các lựa chọn cho tác vụ chuyển dữ liệu ở chế độ nền

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