Cambios en el comportamiento: apps orientadas a Android 16 o versiones posteriores

Al igual que las versiones anteriores, Android 16 incluye cambios de comportamiento que podrían afectar tu app. Los siguientes cambios se aplican exclusivamente a las apps que tienen como objetivo Android 16 o versiones posteriores. Si tu app está orientada a Android 16 o versiones posteriores, debes modificarla para que admita estos comportamientos, cuando corresponda.

Asegúrate de revisar también la lista de cambios en el comportamiento que afectan a todas las apps que se ejecutan en Android 16, independientemente de targetSdkVersion de tu app.

Experiencia del usuario y la IU del sistema

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios que tienen como objetivo crear una experiencia del usuario más coherente e intuitiva.

Desaparecerá la opción de inhabilitar el formato de borde a borde

Android 15 aplicó el borde a borde para las apps segmentadas para Android 15 (nivel de API 35), pero tu app podía inhabilitarlo configurando R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement en true. En el caso de las apps que se segmentan para Android 16 (nivel de API 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement está obsoleta y se inhabilitó, y tu app no puede rechazar el diseño borde a borde.

• Si tu app se segmenta para Android 16 (nivel de API 36) y se ejecuta en un dispositivo Android 15, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement seguirá funcionando.
• Si tu app se segmenta para Android 16 (nivel de API 36) y se ejecuta en un dispositivo Android 16, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement está inhabilitado.

Para realizar pruebas en Android 16, asegúrate de que tu app admita el modo borde a borde y quita cualquier uso de R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement para que tu app también admita el modo borde a borde en un dispositivo con Android 15. Para admitir el borde a borde, consulta la guía de Compose y Views.

Se requiere la migración o la inhabilitación para el gesto atrás predictivo

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）或更高版本为目标平台且在搭载 Android 16 或更高版本的设备上运行的应用，预测性返回系统动画（返回主屏幕、跨任务和跨 activity）默认处于启用状态。此外，系统不再调用 onBackPressed，也不再调度 KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK。

如果您的应用会拦截返回事件，但您尚未迁移到预测性返回，请更新应用以使用受支持的返回导航 API，或者暂时选择停用，方法是在应用的 AndroidManifest.xml 文件的 <application> 或 <activity> 标记中将 android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback 属性设置为 false。

“返回主页”预测性返回动画。

预测性跨 activity 动画。

预测性跨任务动画。

Las APIs de fuentes elegantes dejaron de estar disponibles y se inhabilitaron

以 Android 15（API 级别 35）为目标平台的应用默认将 elegantTextHeight TextView 属性设置为 true，从而将紧凑型字体替换为可读性更高的字体。您可以通过将 elegantTextHeight 属性设置为 false 来替换此设置。

Android 16 弃用了 elegantTextHeight 属性，当您的应用以 Android 16 为目标平台后，系统会忽略该属性。由这些 API 控制的“界面字体”即将停用，因此您应调整所有布局，以确保阿拉伯语、老挝语、缅甸语、泰米尔语、古吉拉特语、卡纳达语、马拉雅拉姆语、奥里亚语、泰卢固语或泰语文本的呈现效果一致且不受未来变化的影响。

针对以 Android 14（API 级别 34）及更低版本为目标平台的应用，或针对以 Android 15（API 级别 35）为目标平台且通过将 elegantTextHeight 属性设置为 false 替换默认值的应用，

elegantTextHeight 行为。

以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，或以 Android 15（API 级别 35）为目标平台但未通过将 elegantTextHeight 属性设置为 false 来替换默认值的应用，其

elegantTextHeight 行为。

Funcionalidad principal

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios que modifican o expanden varias capacidades principales del sistema Android.

Optimización de la programación de trabajo con tarifa fija

在以 Android 16 为目标平台之前，如果 scheduleAtFixedRate 因不在有效的进程生命周期内而错过了任务执行，则当应用返回到有效的生命周期时，所有错过的执行会立即执行。

以 Android 16 为目标平台时，当应用返回到有效的生命周期时，系统会立即执行最多 1 次未执行的 scheduleAtFixedRate 执行。此行为变更预计会提升应用性能。在您的应用中测试此行为，检查您的应用是否受到影响。您还可以使用应用兼容性框架并启用 STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS 兼容性标志进行测试。

Factores de forma del dispositivo

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios para las apps cuando se muestran en dispositivos de pantalla grande.

Diseños adaptables

现在，Android 应用可在各种设备（例如手机、平板电脑、可折叠设备、桌面设备、汽车和电视）上运行，并且在大屏设备上支持多种窗口模式（例如分屏和桌面窗口），因此开发者应构建能够适应任何屏幕和窗口尺寸的 Android 应用，无论设备方向如何。在当今多设备的世界中，限制屏幕方向和尺寸可调整性等范式过于严格。

忽略屏幕方向、尺寸可调整性和宽高比限制

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，Android 16 包含对系统管理屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制的方式的变更。在最小宽度大于或等于 600dp 的显示屏上，这些限制不再适用。应用还会填满整个显示窗口，无论宽高比或用户偏好的屏幕方向如何，都不会使用竖条模式。

此变更引入了新的标准平台行为。Android 正在向一种模型转变，在该模型中，应用需要适应各种屏幕方向、显示大小和宽高比。固定屏幕方向或有限的尺寸可调整性等限制会阻碍应用的适应性，因此我们建议让应用具备自适应能力，以提供尽可能出色的用户体验。

您还可以使用应用兼容性框架并启用 UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT 兼容性标志来测试此行为。

常见的重大更改

忽略屏幕方向、可调整大小性和宽高比限制可能会影响应用在某些设备上的界面，尤其是那些专为锁定为纵向的小布局设计的元素，例如布局拉伸、动画和组件超出屏幕等问题。任何关于宽高比或屏幕方向的假设都可能导致应用出现视觉问题。详细了解如何避免这些问题并改进应用的自适应行为。

允许设备旋转会导致更多 activity 重新创建，如果未正确保留，可能会导致用户状态丢失。如需了解如何正确保存界面状态，请参阅保存界面状态。

实现细节

在全屏模式和多窗口模式下，以下清单属性和运行时 API 会被大屏设备忽略：

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

系统会忽略 screenOrientation、setRequestedOrientation() 和 getRequestedOrientation() 的以下值：

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

对于显示屏可调整大小性，android:resizeableActivity="false"、android:minAspectRatio 和 android:maxAspectRatio 没有影响。

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）为目标平台的应用，默认情况下，大屏设备会忽略应用屏幕方向、可调整尺寸性和宽高比限制，但尚未完全准备就绪的每个应用都可以选择停用此行为，从而暂时替换此行为（这会导致应用采用之前的行为，即放置在兼容模式下）。

异常

在以下情况下，Android 16 的屏幕方向、尺寸调整能力和宽高比限制不适用：

• 游戏（基于 android:appCategory 标志）
• 用户在设备的宽高比设置中明确选择启用应用的默认行为
• 小于 sw600dp 的屏幕

暂时停用

如需选择停用特定 activity，请声明 PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY 清单属性：

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

如果您的应用有太多部分尚未准备好支持 Android 16，您可以在应用级别应用相同的属性，从而完全选择不启用该功能：

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

重要提示： 此选择停用是临时性的，在未来的 Android 版本中以 API 级别 37 为目标平台时，此选择停用将不再适用。也就是说，对于以 API 级别 37 为目标的应用，在至少为 sw600dp 的显示屏上，系统会忽略屏幕方向、尺寸可调整性和宽高比限制。

Salud y fitness

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios relacionados con los datos de actividad física y salud.

Permisos de salud y fitness

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）或更高版本为目标平台的应用，BODY_SENSORS 权限使用 android.permissions.health 下更精细的权限，健康数据共享也使用这些权限。自 Android 16 起，凡是以前需要 BODY_SENSORS 或 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND 的 API，现在都需要获取相应的 android.permissions.health 权限。这会影响以下数据类型、API 和前台服务类型：

• HEART_RATE_BPM 来自 Wear OS 健康服务
• 来自 Android 传感器管理器的 Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE
• 在 Wear OS 上，ProtoLayout 中的 heartRateAccuracy 和 heartRateBpm
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH，其中需要使用相应的 android.permission.health 权限来代替 BODY_SENSORS

如果您的应用使用这些 API，则应请求相应的精细权限：

• 对于使用期间的心率、血氧饱和度或体表温度监测：请求 android.permissions.health 下的精细权限，例如 READ_HEART_RATE，而不是 BODY_SENSORS。
• 对于后台传感器访问权限：请求 READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND 而不是 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND。

这些权限与用于保护对 Health Connect（Android 健康、健身和身心状态数据存储区）中数据的读取访问权限相同。

移动应用

迁移到使用 READ_HEART_RATE 和其他精细权限的移动应用还必须声明 activity 以显示应用的隐私权政策。此要求与健康数据共享的要求相同。

重要提示： 如果未能提供移动应用的合理用途，相应权限将被撤消。

Conectividad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios en la pila de Bluetooth para mejorar la conectividad con dispositivos periféricos.

Nuevos intents para controlar la pérdida de vinculación y los cambios en la encriptación

作为改进了对键值对丢失的处理的一部分，Android 16 还引入了 2 个新 intent，以便应用更好地了解键值对丢失和加密更改。

以 Android 16 为目标平台的应用现在可以：

• 在检测到远程键盘连接丢失时接收 ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent，以便提供更具信息量的用户反馈并采取适当的措施。
• 每当链接的加密状态发生变化时，都会收到 ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent。这包括加密状态更改、加密算法更改和加密密钥大小更改。如果应用在稍后收到 ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent 时成功加密了链接，则必须将该绑定视为已恢复。

适应不同的 OEM 实现

虽然 Android 16 引入了这些新 intent，但其实现和广播可能会因不同的设备制造商 (OEM) 而异。为了确保您的应用在所有设备上都能提供一致且可靠的体验，开发者应设计其绑定丢失处理机制，以妥善适应这些潜在的变化。

我们建议您采用以下应用行为：

• 如果广播 ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent：

  系统会断开 ACL（异步无连接）链接，但会保留设备的配对信息（如此处所述）。

  您的应用应将此 intent 用作检测配对丢失的主要信号，并在发起设备忘记或重新配对之前引导用户确认远程设备是否在范围内。

  如果设备在收到 ACTION_KEY_MISSING 后断开连接，您的应用应谨慎重新连接，因为设备可能已不再与系统绑定。

• 如果未广播 ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent：

  ACL 链接将保持连接状态，系统会移除设备的配对信息，与 Android 15 中的行为相同。

  在这种情况下，您的应用应继续使用与之前的 Android 版本相同的现有配对丢失处理机制，以检测和管理配对丢失事件。

Nueva forma de quitar la vinculación de Bluetooth

Todas las apps que se orientan a Android 16 ahora pueden desvincular dispositivos Bluetooth con una API pública en CompanionDeviceManager. Si un dispositivo complementario se administra como una asociación de CDM, la app puede activar la eliminación de la vinculación Bluetooth con la nueva API de removeBond(int) en el dispositivo asociado. La app puede supervisar los cambios de estado de vinculación escuchando el evento de transmisión del dispositivo Bluetooth ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

Seguridad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios de seguridad.

Bloqueo de la versión de MediaStore

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

Intents más seguros

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

Note: The attribute can be specified on the <application> tag as well as at the component tags such as <activity>, <activity-alias>, <receiver>, <service>, <provider> and the attribute on the component can be used to override what's on the <application> tag

More on the supported flags:

Flag Name	Description
enforceIntentFilter	Enforces stricter matching for incoming intents
none	Disables all special matching rules for incoming intents. When specifying multiple flags, conflicting values are resolved by giving precedence to the "none" flag
allowNullAction	Relaxes the matching rules to allow intents without an action to match. This flag to be used in conjunction with "enforceIntentFilter" to achieve a specific behavior

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

Privacidad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios relacionados con la privacidad.

Permiso de red local

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

App Low Level Network Operation	Local Network Permission Required
Making an outgoing TCP connection	yes
Accepting incoming TCP connections	yes
Sending a UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast	yes
Receiving an incoming UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast	yes

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Note: Traffic originating from Android Webviews that require local network access will inherit permission state from the host app

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Note: Many media casting scenarios depend on access to the local network and will be impacted by this change. However, not all apps which offer casting will need to request the new permission. Future APIs and guidance for dealing with casting scenarios will be provided in 25Q4.

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Note: In a future Android release, this feature will be guarded by a new permission in the Nearby devices permission group

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Permission	Outbound LAN Request	Outbound/Inbound Internet Request	Inbound LAN Request
Granted	Works	Works	Works
Not Granted	Fails	Works	Fails

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

Fotos propiedad de la app

当面向 SDK 36 或更高版本的应用在搭载 Android 16 或更高版本的设备上提示用户授予照片和视频权限时，如果用户选择限制对所选媒体的访问权限，则会在照片选择器中看到该应用拥有的所有照片。用户可以取消选择任何这些预选项，这会撤消该应用对这些照片和视频的访问权限。