Changements de comportement : toutes les applications

La plate-forme Android 16 apporte des modifications de comportement susceptibles d'affecter votre application. Les modifications de comportement suivantes s'appliquent à toutes les applications lorsqu'elles s'exécutent sur Android 16, peu importe la targetSdkVersion. Vous devez tester votre application, puis la modifier si nécessaire afin de prendre en charge ces modifications, le cas échéant.

Veillez également à consulter la liste des modifications de comportement qui n'affectent que les applications ciblant Android 16.

Fonctionnalité de base

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes qui modifient ou étendent diverses fonctionnalités de base du système Android.

Optimisations du quota JobScheduler

从 Android 16 开始，我们将根据以下因素调整常规作业和加急作业的执行运行时配额：

• 应用所处的应用待机存储分区：在 Android 16 中，活跃待机存储分区将开始通过宽松的运行时配额强制执行。
• 如果作业在应用处于前台状态时开始执行：在 Android 16 中，如果作业在应用对用户可见时开始执行，并在应用变为不可见后继续执行，则会遵守作业运行时配额。
• 如果作业在运行前台服务时执行：在 Android 16 中，与前台服务同时执行的作业将遵守作业运行时配额。如果您利用作业进行用户发起的数据传输，请考虑改用用户发起的数据传输作业。

此变更会影响使用 WorkManager、JobScheduler 和 DownloadManager 调度的任务。如需调试作业停止的原因，我们建议您通过调用 WorkInfo.getStopReason()（对于 JobScheduler 作业，请调用 JobParameters.getStopReason()）来记录作业停止的原因。

如需了解应用的状态如何影响其可使用的资源，请参阅电源管理资源限制。 如需详细了解电池优化方面的最佳实践，请参阅有关针对任务调度 API 优化电池使用的指南。

我们还建议利用 Android 16 中引入的新 JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API 来了解作业未执行的原因。

测试

如需测试应用的行为，只要应用在 Android 16 设备上运行，您就可以启用对某些作业配额优化功能的替换。

如需停用“顶级状态将遵守作业运行时配额”的强制执行，请运行以下 adb 命令：

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

如需停用“在与前台服务同时执行时，作业将遵守作业运行时配额”的强制执行，请运行以下 adb 命令：

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

如需测试特定应用待机分桶行为，您可以使用以下 adb 命令设置应用的应用待机分桶：

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

如需了解应用所在的待机分桶，您可以使用以下 adb 命令获取应用的待机分桶：

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Motif d'arrêt des jobs vides abandonnés

如果与作业关联的 JobParameters 对象已被垃圾回收，但尚未调用 JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) 来指示作业已完成，则会发生作业被废弃的情况。这表示作业可能会在应用不知情的情况下运行和重新调度。

依赖于 JobScheduler 的应用不会维护对 JobParameters 对象的强引用，并且超时现在将获得新的作业停止原因 STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED，而不是 STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT。

如果新的作业被废弃停止原因频繁出现，系统会采取缓解措施来降低作业频率。

应用应使用新的停止原因来检测和减少被废弃的作业。

如果您使用的是 WorkManager、AsyncTask 或 DownloadManager，则不会受到影响，因为这些 API 会代表您的应用管理作业生命周期。

Abandon complet de JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

Le champ d'application de la priorité de diffusion ordonnée n'est plus global

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

1. Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
2. Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

Modifications internes d'ART

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

Mode de compatibilité de taille de page de 16 ko

Android 15 a introduit la prise en charge des pages de mémoire de 16 ko pour optimiser les performances de la plate-forme. Android 16 ajoute un mode de compatibilité, qui permet à certaines applications conçues pour des pages de mémoire de 4 ko d'être exécutées sur un appareil configuré pour des pages de mémoire de 16 ko.

Lorsque votre application s'exécute sur un appareil équipé d'Android 16 ou version ultérieure, si Android détecte que votre application comporte des pages de mémoire alignées sur 4 ko, elle utilise automatiquement le mode de compatibilité et affiche une boîte de dialogue de notification à l'utilisateur. Définir la propriété android:pageSizeCompat dans AndroidManifest.xml pour activer le mode de compatibilité ascendante empêche l'affichage de la boîte de dialogue lorsque votre application démarre. Pour utiliser la propriété android:pageSizeCompat, compilez votre application à l'aide du SDK Android 16.

Pour des performances, une fiabilité et une stabilité optimales, votre application doit toujours être alignée sur 16 ko. Pour en savoir plus, consultez notre article de blog récent sur la mise à jour de vos applications pour qu'elles soient compatibles avec les pages de mémoire de 16 ko.

Boîte de dialogue du mode de compatibilité qui s'affiche lorsque le système détecte qu'une application alignée sur 4 ko pourrait s'exécuter de manière plus optimale si elle était alignée sur 16 ko.

Expérience utilisateur et interface utilisateur du système

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes, qui visent à créer une expérience utilisateur plus cohérente et intuitive.

Abandon des annonces d'accessibilité intrusives

Android 16 废弃了无障碍功能通告，其特征是使用 announceForAccessibility 或调度 TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT 无障碍功能事件。这可能会给 TalkBack 和 Android 屏幕阅读器用户带来不一致的用户体验，而替代方案可以更好地满足各种 Android 辅助技术的用户需求。

替代方案示例：

• 对于窗口更改等重大界面更改，请使用 Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) 和 setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence)。在 Compose 中，使用 Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
• 如需向用户告知关键界面的更改，请使用 setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int)。在 Compose 中，请使用 Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]}。应谨慎使用这些事件，因为它们可能会在每次更新视图时生成通知。
• 如需向用户发送错误通知，请发送类型为 AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR 的 AccessibilityEvent 并设置 AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence)，或使用 TextView#setError(CharSequence)。

已废弃的 announceForAccessibility API 的参考文档中包含有关建议替代方案的更多详细信息。

Prise en charge de la navigation à trois boutons

Android 16 为已正确迁移到预测性返回的应用的三按钮导航栏引入了预测性返回支持。长按返回按钮会启动预测性返回动画，让您预览返回滑动手势会打开的界面。

此行为适用于系统中支持预测性返回动画的所有区域，包括系统动画（返回主屏幕、跨任务和跨 activity）。

“三按钮”导航模式下的预测性返回动画。

Icônes d'applications à thème automatiques

从 Android 16 QPR 2 开始，Android 会自动将主题应用于应用图标，以打造一致的主屏幕体验。如果应用未提供自己的带主题的应用图标，就会发生这种情况。应用可以通过在自适应图标中添加单色图层来控制主题化应用图标的设计，并在 Android Studio 中预览应用图标的外观。

Facteurs de forme des appareils

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes pour les applications lorsqu'elles sont projetées sur des écrans par les propriétaires d'appareils virtuels.

Remplacements du propriétaire de l'appareil virtuel

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Sécurité

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut des modifications qui favorisent la sécurité du système pour protéger les applications et les utilisateurs contre les applications malveillantes.

Sécurité renforcée contre les attaques par redirection d'intentions

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

Important: Opting out of security protections should be done with caution and only when absolutely necessary, as it can increase the risk of security vulnerabilities. Carefully assess the potential impact on your app's security before using this API.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

Caution: Using reflection can make your code more fragile and prone to errors, especially if the underlying API changes in future Android versions. Whenever possible, update your compile SDK to target Android 16 (API level 36) or higher to use the API directly.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Les applications associées ne sont plus averties des délais d'expiration de la découverte

Android 16 introduces a new behavior during companion device pairing flow to protect the user's location privacy from malicious apps. All companion apps running on Android 16 are no longer directly notified of discovery timeout using RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT. Instead, the user is notified of timeout events with a visual dialog. When the user dismisses the dialog, the app is alerted of the association failure with RESULT_USER_REJECTED.

The search duration has also been extended from the original 20 seconds, and the device discovery can be stopped by the user at any point during the search. If at least one device was discovered within the first 20 seconds of starting the search, the CDM stops searching for additional devices.

Connectivité

Android 16 (niveau d'API 36) inclut les modifications suivantes dans la pile Bluetooth pour améliorer la connectivité avec les périphériques.

Amélioration de la gestion des pertes d'obligations

从 Android 16 开始，蓝牙堆栈已更新，以便在检测到远程配对丢失时提高安全性和用户体验。以前，系统会自动解除配对并启动新的配对流程，这可能会导致意外重新配对。在许多情况下，我们发现应用未以一致的方式处理债券损失事件。

为了统一体验，Android 16 改进了系统的绑定丢失处理。如果之前配对的蓝牙设备在重新连接时无法进行身份验证，系统会断开关联，保留本地配对信息，并显示系统对话框，告知用户配对已断开并指示他们重新配对。