前台服务类型

从 Android 14（API 级别 34）开始，您必须为每项前台服务声明相应的服务类型。这意味着，您必须在应用清单中声明服务类型，并请求与该类型相符的前台服务权限（除了请求 FOREGROUND_SERVICE 权限之外）。此外，根据前台服务类型，您可能需要在启动服务之前请求运行时权限。

相机

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under android:foregroundServiceType
camera
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA
Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the CAMERA runtime permission

Description

Continue to access the camera from the background, such as video chat apps that allow for multitasking.

连接的设备

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
connectedDevice
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

说明

与需要蓝牙、NFC、IR、USB 或网络连接的外部设备进行互动。

替代方案

如果您的应用需要向外部设备持续传输数据，请考虑改用配套设备管理器。使用配套设备感知 API，可帮助您的应用在配套设备在范围内时保持运行。

如果您的应用需要扫描蓝牙设备，请考虑改用 Bluetooth Scan API。

数据同步

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型，位于
android:foregroundServiceType
dataSync
要在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC
运行时前提条件
无
说明

数据传输操作，例如：

  • 数据上传或下载
  • 备份和恢复操作
  • 导入或导出操作
  • 获取数据
  • 本地文件处理
  • 通过网络在设备和云端之间传输数据
替代方案

如需了解详情，请参阅数据同步前台服务的替代方案 。

健康

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
health
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

说明

为健身类别的应用（例如锻炼追踪器）提供支持的所有长时间运行的用例。

位置

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
location
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION
运行时前提条件

用户必须已启用位置信息服务，并且应用必须至少获得以下一项运行时权限：

说明

需要位置信息使用权的长时间运行的用例，例如导航和位置信息分享。

替代方案

如果您的应用需要在用户到达特定位置时触发，请考虑改用 Geofence API。

媒体

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型（位于
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaPlayback
要在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
运行时前提条件
无
说明

在后台继续播放音频或视频。在 Android TV 上支持数字视频录制 (DVR) 功能。

替代方案

如果您要显示画中画视频，请使用画中画模式。

媒体处理

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProcessing
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Service for performing time-consuming operations on media assets, like converting media to different formats. The system allows this service a limited time to run; under normal circumstances, this time limit would be 6 hours out of every 24. (This limit is shared by all of an app's mediaProcessing foreground services.)

Your app should manually stop the media processing service in the following scenario:

If the timeout period is reached, the system calls the service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), an ANR will occur with this error message: "A foreground service of <fgs_type> did not stop within its timeout: <component_name>".

Note: Service.onTimeout(int, int) is not available on Android 14 or lower. On devices running those versions, if a media processing service reaches the timeout period, the system immediately caches the app. For this reason, your app shouldn't wait to get a timeout notification. Instead, it should terminate the foreground service or change it to a background service as soon as appropriate.

媒体投屏

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型，位于
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProjection
要在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
运行时前提条件

在启动 前台服务之前，请调用 createScreenCaptureIntent() 方法。这样做会向用户显示权限通知；用户必须授予权限，您才能创建服务。

创建前台服务后，您可以调用 MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection()。

说明

使用 MediaProjection API 将内容投影到非主要显示屏或外部设备。这些内容不必全都为媒体内容。

替代方案

如需将媒体流式传输到其他设备，请使用 Google Cast SDK。

麦克风

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型（位于
android:foregroundServiceType
microphone
要在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE
运行时前提条件

请求并被授予 RECORD_AUDIO 运行时权限。

说明

在后台继续捕获麦克风内容，例如录音器或通信应用。

致电

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型，位于
android:foregroundServiceType
phoneCall
要在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL
运行时前提条件

必须满足以下至少一个条件：

  • 应用是默认拨号器应用（通过 ROLE_DIALER 角色）。
说明

使用 ConnectionService API 继续当前通话。

替代方案

如果您需要拨打电话、视频通话或 VoIP 通话，请考虑使用 android.telecom 库。

考虑使用 CallScreeningService 来过滤通话。

远程消息传递

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
remoteMessaging
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
运行时前提条件
无
说明
将短信从一台设备转移到另一台设备。在用户切换设备时，帮助确保用户消息任务的连续性。

短期服务

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
shortService
Permission to declare in your manifest
None
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

  • Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
  • No support for sticky foreground services.
  • Cannot start other foreground services.
  • Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
  • A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
  • A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

特殊用途

要在清单中声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
specialUse
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE
运行时前提条件
无
说明

涵盖其他前台服务类型未涵盖的所有有效前台服务用例。

除了声明 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE 前台服务类型之外，开发者还应在清单中声明用例。为此，他们会在 <service> 元素内指定 <property> 元素。这些值和相应的应用场景 。用途 您提供的案例均为自由形式，因此，您应确保提供足够的 相关信息，让审核人员了解您为何需要使用 specialUse 类型。

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

系统豁免

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
systemExempted
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策

如果您的应用以 Android 14 或更高版本为目标平台，您需要在 Play 管理中心的“应用内容”页面（政策 > 应用内容）中声明应用的前台服务类型。如需详细了解如何在 Play 管理中心内声明前台服务类型，请参阅了解前台服务和全屏 intent 要求。