和先前版本一樣,Android 16 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式。如果您的應用程式指定 Android 16 以上版本,建議您視情況修改應用程式,以支援這些行為。
此外,無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion 為何,請務必查看對所有 Android 16 應用程式有影響的行為變更清單。
使用者體驗和系統 UI
Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更,旨在打造更一致、直覺的使用者體驗。
無邊框設計停用選項即將移除
Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API
level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps
targeting Android 16 (API level 36),
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your
app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.
- If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an
Android 15 device,
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcementcontinues to work. - If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an
Android 16 device,
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcementis disabled.
For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and
remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app
also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge,
see the Compose and Views guidance.
如要使用預測返回手勢,必須遷移或選擇停用
For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an
Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations
(back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default.
Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and
KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.
If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive
back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or
temporarily opt out by setting the
android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the
<application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.
已淘汰並停用 Elegant 字型 API
Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the
elegantTextHeight
TextView attribute set to true by
default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You
could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.
Android 16 deprecates the
elegantTextHeight attribute,
and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI
fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any
layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao,
Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.
elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android
14 (API level 34) and lower, or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35)
that overrode the default by setting the elegantTextHeight
attribute to false.
elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android
16 (API level 36), or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) that didn't
override the default by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute
to false.核心功能
Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更,可修改或擴充 Android 系統的各種核心功能。
固定費率工作排程最佳化
Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate
missed a task execution due to being outside a valid
process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately
execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.
When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of
scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app
returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app
performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted.
You can also test by using the app compatibility framework
and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.
裝置板型規格
在大型螢幕裝置上顯示時,Android 16 (API 級別 36) 會對應用程式進行下列變更。
自動調整式版面配置
Android 應用程式現在可在各種裝置上執行 (例如手機、平板電腦、折疊式裝置、桌機、車輛和電視),並支援大螢幕上的視窗模式 (例如分割畫面和電腦視窗),因此開發人員應建構可配合任何螢幕和視窗大小調整的 Android 應用程式,無論裝置螢幕方向為何。在現今多裝置的世界中,限制螢幕方向和大小調整等範例過於嚴苛。
忽略螢幕方向、是否可調整大小和顯示比例限制
如果應用程式指定 Android 16 (API 級別 36),螢幕方向、大小調整和螢幕比例限制將不再適用於最小寬度 >= 600 dp 的螢幕。無論顯示比例或使用者偏好的螢幕方向為何,應用程式都會填滿整個顯示視窗,且不會出現側邊黑邊。
這項異動會導入新的標準平台行為。Android 正在朝向某種模式發展,預計應用程式將能適應各種螢幕方向、顯示大小和顯示比例。如果應用程式設有固定螢幕方向或大小調整限制,就無法適應各種裝置。讓應用程式具備適應性,提供最佳使用者體驗。
您也可以使用應用程式相容性架構,並啟用 UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT 相容性標記,測試這項行為。
常見的破壞性變更
忽略方向、可調整大小和長寬比限制,可能會影響應用程式在某些裝置上的 UI,尤其是專為鎖定直向的小版面配置設計的元素,例如版面配置遭到延展,以及動畫和元件超出螢幕範圍等問題。如果對顯示比例或螢幕方向做出任何假設,可能會導致應用程式出現視覺問題。請參閱這篇文章,進一步瞭解如何避免這類問題,並改善應用程式的適應性行為。
允許裝置旋轉會導致更多活動重建,如果未妥善保留,可能會導致使用者狀態遺失。如要瞭解如何正確儲存 UI 狀態,請參閱「儲存 UI 狀態」。
導入作業詳細資料
在全螢幕和多視窗模式下,大型螢幕裝置會忽略下列資訊清單屬性和執行階段 API:
screenOrientationresizableActivityminAspectRatiomaxAspectRatiosetRequestedOrientation()getRequestedOrientation()
系統會忽略 screenOrientation、setRequestedOrientation() 和 getRequestedOrientation() 的下列值:
portraitreversePortraitsensorPortraituserPortraitlandscapereverseLandscapesensorLandscapeuserLandscape
就螢幕大小調整功能而言,android:resizeableActivity="false"、android:minAspectRatio 和 android:maxAspectRatio 不會產生任何影響。
如果應用程式以 Android 16 (API 級別 36) 為目標,系統預設會忽略大螢幕上的應用程式方向、大小調整和長寬比限制,但每個尚未完全準備就緒的應用程式都可以暫時選擇停用這項行為 (這會導致應用程式進入相容性模式)。
例外狀況
在下列情況中,Android 16 的螢幕方向、大小調整和長寬比限制不適用:
- 遊戲 (根據
android:appCategory旗標) - 使用者在裝置的顯示比例設定中,明確選擇採用應用程式的預設行為
- 小於
sw600dp的螢幕
暫時退出
如要停用特定活動,請宣告 PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY 資訊清單屬性:
<activity ...>
<property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
...
</activity>
如果應用程式有太多部分尚未支援 Android 16,您可以在應用程式層級套用相同屬性,完全停用這項功能:
<application ...>
<property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>
健康與健身
Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列與健康和健身資料相關的變更。
健康與健身權限
For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher,
BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions
under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect
also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS
or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding
android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data
types, APIs, and foreground service types:
HEART_RATE_BPMfrom Health Services on Wear OSSensor.TYPE_HEART_RATEfrom Android Sensor ManagerheartRateAccuracyandheartRateBpmfromProtoLayouton Wear OSFOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTHwhere the respectiveandroid.permission.healthpermission is needed in place ofBODY_SENSORS
If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:
- For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature:
request the granular permission under
android.permissions.health, such asREAD_HEART_RATEinstead ofBODY_SENSORS. - For background sensor access: request
READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUNDinstead ofBODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.
These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.
Mobile apps
Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular
permissions must also declare an activity to display
the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.
連線能力
Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含藍牙堆疊的下列變更,可提升與周邊裝置的連線能力。
處理債券遺失和加密變更的新意圖
As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.
Apps targeting Android 16 can now:
- Receive an
ACTION_KEY_MISSINGintent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions. - Receive an
ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGEintent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receivingACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGEintent later.
Adapting to varying OEM implementations
While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.
We recommend the following app behaviors:
If the
ACTION_KEY_MISSINGintent is broadcast:The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).
Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.
If a device disconnects after
ACTION_KEY_MISSINGis received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.If the
ACTION_KEY_MISSINGintent is NOT broadcast:The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.
In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.
移除藍牙配對的新方式
所有以 Android 16 為目標版本的應用程式,現在都能使用 CompanionDeviceManager 中的公開 API 解除配對藍牙裝置。如果隨附裝置是以 CDM 關聯方式管理,應用程式可以在關聯裝置上使用新的 removeBond(int) API 觸發藍牙連結移除作業。應用程式可以監控連結狀態變更,方法是監聽藍牙裝置廣播事件 ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED。
安全性
Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列安全性異動。
MediaStore 版本鎖定
針對指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式,MediaStore#getVersion() 現已成為每個應用程式的專屬值。這麼做可移除版本字串中的識別屬性,以免遭到濫用,並防止用於指紋辨識技術。應用程式不應對此版本的格式做出任何假設。應用程式在使用此 API 時應已處理版本變更,且在大多數情況下,不必變更目前的行為,除非開發人員嘗試推斷超出此 API 預期範圍的其他資訊。
更安全的意圖
“更安全的 intent”功能是一项多阶段安全计划,旨在提高 Android 的 intent 解析机制的安全性。目标是在 intent 处理期间添加检查,并过滤不符合特定条件的 intent,从而保护应用免受恶意操作的侵害。
在 Android 15 中,该功能侧重于发送应用,现在在 Android 16 中,控制权转移到了接收应用,允许开发者使用其应用清单选择加入严格的 intent 解析。
我们正在实施两项关键变更:
显式 intent 必须与目标组件的 intent 过滤器相匹配:如果 intent 显式定位到某个组件,则应与该组件的 intent 过滤器相匹配。
没有操作的 intent 无法匹配任何 intent 过滤器:未指定操作的 intent 不应解析为任何 intent 过滤器。
这些变更仅在涉及多个应用时适用,不会影响单个应用内的 intent 处理。
影响
选择启用性质意味着,开发者必须在应用清单中明确启用它,才能使其生效。 因此,此功能的影响将仅限于以下应用:
- 了解“更安全的 intent”功能及其优势。
- 主动选择在应用中采用更严格的 intent 处理实践。
这种选择性采用的方法可最大限度地降低破坏可能依赖于当前不太安全的 intent 解析行为的现有应用的风险。
虽然在 Android 16 中,初始影响可能有限,但“更安全的 intent”计划的路线图显示,未来 Android 版本的影响范围会更广。我们计划最终将严格的意图解析设为默认行为。
“更安全的 intent”功能可让恶意应用更难利用 intent 解析机制中的漏洞,从而有望显著提升 Android 生态系统的安全性。
不过,向选择退出和强制执行的过渡必须谨慎管理,以解决现有应用的潜在兼容性问题。
实现
开发者需要在应用清单中使用 intentMatchingFlags 属性明确启用更严格的 intent 匹配。
以下示例展示了如何为整个应用选择启用该功能,但在接收器上停用/选择停用该功能:
<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
<receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
</intent-filter>
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
</application>
有关支持的标志的更多信息:
| 标志名称 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| enforceIntentFilter | 对传入的 intent 强制执行更严格的匹配 |
| none | 停用针对传入 intent 的所有特殊匹配规则。指定多个标志时,系统会优先考虑“无”标志,以解决值冲突问题 |
| allowNullAction | 放宽了匹配规则,允许匹配没有操作的 intent。此标志与“enforceIntentFilter”结合使用可实现特定行为 |
测试和调试
在强制执行处于有效状态时,如果 intent 调用方已正确填充 intent,应用应能正常运行。
不过,被屏蔽的 intent 会触发警告日志消息(例如 "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" 和 "Access blocked:"),并带有标记 "PackageManager."。这表示存在可能会影响应用的潜在问题,需要引起注意。
Logcat 过滤条件:
tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")
GPU 系統呼叫篩選
為強化 Mali GPU 介面,我們已在正式版中封鎖已淘汰或僅供 GPU 開發使用的 Mali GPU IOCTL。此外,用於 GPU 分析的 IOCTL 已限制為僅供殼層程序或可偵錯的應用程式使用。如要進一步瞭解平台層級政策,請參閱 SAC 更新。
這項異動會影響使用 Mali GPU 的 Pixel 裝置 (Pixel 6 到 Pixel 9)。Arm 已在 Documentation/ioctl-categories.rst 的 r54p2 版本中,提供 IOCTL 的官方分類。我們會在日後發布的驅動程式版本中,持續維護這份清單。
這項異動不會影響支援的繪圖 API (包括 Vulkan 和 OpenGL),預計也不會影響開發人員或現有應用程式。Streamline Performance Analyzer 和 Android GPU 檢查器等 GPU 剖析工具不會受到影響。
測試
如果看到類似以下的 SELinux 拒絕訊息,表示您的應用程式可能受到這項異動影響:
06-30 10:47:18.617 20360 20360 W roidJUnitRunner: type=1400 audit(0.0:85): avc: denied { ioctl }
for path="/dev/mali0" dev="tmpfs" ino=1188 ioctlcmd=0x8023
scontext=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768 tcontext=u:object_r:gpu_device:s0 tclass=chr_file
permissive=0 app=com.google.android.selinux.pts
如果應用程式需要使用遭封鎖的 IOCTL,請回報錯誤並指派給 android-partner-security@google.com。
常見問題
這項政策異動是否適用於所有原始設備製造商? 這項變更將採選擇加入制,但任何想使用這項強化方法的 OEM 都能選擇加入。如需實作變更的操作說明,請參閱實作說明文件。
是否必須變更 OEM 程式碼集才能實作這項功能,還是預設會隨附於新的 AOSP 版本? 根據預設,平台層級的變更會隨附於新的 Android 開放原始碼計畫版本。如要套用這項變更,供應商可以在程式碼集選擇啟用。
SoC 是否負責更新 IOCTL 清單?舉例來說,如果我的裝置使用 ARM Mali GPU,是否需要就任何變更與 ARM 聯絡? 個別 SoC 必須在驅動程式發布後,依據裝置更新 IOCTL 清單。 舉例來說,ARM 會在驅動程式更新時,更新已發布的 IOCTL 清單。 不過,原始設備製造商應確保將更新納入 SEPolicy,並視需要將所選自訂 IOCTL 新增至清單。
這項變更會自動套用至所有市售 Pixel 裝置嗎?還是使用者必須切換某些設定才能套用? 這項異動適用於所有使用 Mali GPU 的 Pixel 上市裝置 (Pixel 6 至 Pixel 9)。這項異動會自動生效,您不必採取任何行動。
使用這項政策會影響核心驅動程式的效能嗎? 這項政策已在 Mali GPU 上使用 GFXBench 進行測試,結果顯示 GPU 效能沒有明顯變化。
IOCTL 清單是否必須與目前的使用者空間和核心驅動程式版本一致? 是,允許的 IOCTL 清單必須與使用者空間和核心驅動程式支援的 IOCTL 同步。如果使用者空間或核心驅動程式中的 IOCTL 已更新,SEPolicy IOCTL 清單也必須更新,才能與之相符。
ARM 已將 IOCTL 分類為「受限」/「儀器」,但我們想在正式環境的使用案例中採用部分 IOCTL,並/或拒絕其他 IOCTL。 各個 OEM/SoC 負責根據使用者空間 Mali 程式庫的設定,決定如何分類所用的 IOCTL。ARM 的清單可協助您做出這些決定,但每個 OEM/SoC 的使用案例可能有所不同。
隱私權
Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列隱私權異動。
區域網路權限
Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission.
This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy
implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for
location.
The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.
Release plan
This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and 26Q2 respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.
Impact
At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.
Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:
- Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
- Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)
Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:
| App Low Level Network Operation | Local Network Permission Required |
|---|---|
| Making an outgoing TCP connection | yes |
| Accepting incoming TCP connections | yes |
| Sending a UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast | yes |
| Receiving an incoming UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast | yes |
These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.
Exceptions to the rules above:
- If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
- Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).
Developer Guidance (Opt-in)
To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:
- Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
- Install the app to be tested.
Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:
adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>Reboot The device
Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.
To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.
- Ensure the app declares the
NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICESpermission in its manifest. - Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.
Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.
Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.
| Permission | Outbound LAN Request | Outbound/Inbound Internet Request | Inbound LAN Request |
|---|---|---|---|
| Granted | Works | Works | Works |
| Not Granted | Fails | Works | Fails |
Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag
adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
Errors
Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.
Example errors:
sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)
sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)
Local Network Definition
A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.
The following are considered local networks:
IPv4:
- 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
- 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
- 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
- 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
- 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918
IPv6:
- Link-local
- Directly-connected routes
- Stub networks like Thread
- Multiple-subnets (TBD)
Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.
應用程式擁有的相片
當指定 SDK 36 以上版本的應用程式在搭載 Android 16 以上版本的裝置上執行時,如果系統提示使用者授予相片和影片權限,選擇限制所選媒體存取權的使用者會在相片挑選器中看到應用程式預先選取的所有相片。使用者可以取消選取任何預先選取的項目,這樣一來,應用程式就無法存取這些相片和影片。