Perubahan perilaku: semua aplikasi

Platform Android 16 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku untuk semua aplikasi saat dijalankan di Android 16, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion. Sebaiknya uji aplikasi Anda, lalu modifikasi sesuai kebutuhan untuk mendukung perubahan ini, jika memungkinkan.

Selain itu, pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang hanya memengaruhi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 16.

Fungsi inti

Android 16 (level API 36) mencakup perubahan berikut yang mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.

Pengoptimalan kuota JobScheduler

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

• Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
• If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
• If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For information about how your app's state affects the resources it can use, see Power management resource limits. For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Alasan penghentian tugas kosong yang ditinggalkan

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

Menghentikan penggunaan JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground sepenuhnya

JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) 方法用于在调度应用位于前台或暂时豁免于后台限制时指示作业的优先级。

自 Android 12（API 级别 31）起，此方法已废弃。从 Android 16 开始，它不再有效，系统会忽略调用此方法。

此功能移除也适用于 JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground()。从 Android 16 开始，如果调用该方法，该方法会返回 false。

Cakupan prioritas siaran berurutan tidak lagi global

Android 应用可以为广播接收器定义优先级，以控制接收器接收和处理广播的顺序。对于清单声明的接收器，应用可以使用 android:priority 属性来定义优先级；对于上下文注册的接收器，应用可以使用 IntentFilter#setPriority() API 来定义优先级。发送广播时，系统会按接收器的优先级（从高到低）将其传送给接收器。

在 Android 16 中，无法保证使用 android:priority 属性或 IntentFilter#setPriority() 在不同进程中传送广播的顺序。广播优先级仅在同一应用进程内有效，而不会跨所有进程有效。

此外，广播优先级将自动限制在 (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1) 的范围内。只有系统组件才能将 SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY、SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY 设置为广播优先级。

如果您的应用执行以下任一操作，可能会受到影响：

1. 您的应用声明了具有相同广播 intent 的多个进程，并且希望根据优先级以特定顺序接收这些 intent。
2. 您的应用进程与其他进程交互，并期望以特定顺序接收广播 intent。

如果进程需要相互协调，则应使用其他协调渠道进行通信。

Perubahan internal ART

Android 16 menyertakan update terbaru ke Android Runtime (ART) yang meningkatkan performa Android Runtime (ART) dan memberikan dukungan untuk fitur Java tambahan. Melalui update Sistem Google Play, peningkatan ini juga tersedia untuk lebih dari satu miliar perangkat yang menjalankan Android 12 (API level 31) dan yang lebih tinggi.

Saat perubahan ini dirilis, library dan kode aplikasi yang mengandalkan struktur internal ART mungkin tidak berfungsi dengan benar di perangkat yang menjalankan Android 16, beserta versi Android sebelumnya yang mengupdate modul ART melalui update sistem Google Play.

Mengandalkan struktur internal (seperti antarmuka non-SDK) dapat selalu menyebabkan masalah kompatibilitas, tetapi sangat penting untuk menghindari mengandalkan kode (atau library yang berisi kode) yang memanfaatkan struktur ART internal, karena perubahan ART tidak terikat dengan versi platform yang dijalankan perangkat dan perubahan tersebut dikirim ke lebih dari satu miliar perangkat melalui update sistem Google Play.

Semua developer harus memeriksa apakah aplikasi mereka terpengaruh dengan menguji aplikasi secara menyeluruh di Android 16. Selain itu, periksa masalah umum untuk mengetahui apakah aplikasi Anda bergantung pada library yang telah kami identifikasi yang mengandalkan struktur ART internal. Jika Anda memiliki kode aplikasi atau dependensi library yang terpengaruh, cari alternatif API publik jika memungkinkan dan minta API publik untuk kasus penggunaan baru dengan membuat permintaan fitur di issue tracker kami.

Mode kompatibilitas ukuran halaman 16 KB

Android 15 introduced support for 16 KB memory pages to optimize performance of the platform. Android 16 adds a compatibility mode, allowing some apps built for 4 KB memory pages to run on a device configured for 16 KB memory pages.

When your app is running on a device with Android 16 or higher, if Android detects that your app has 4 KB aligned memory pages, it automatically uses compatibility mode and display a notification dialog to the user. Setting the android:pageSizeCompat property in the AndroidManifest.xml to enable the backwards compatibility mode will prevent the display of the dialog when your app launches. To use the android:pageSizeCompat property, compile your app using the Android 16 SDK.

For best performance, reliability, and stability, your app should still be 16 KB aligned. Check out our recent blog post on updating your apps to support 16 KB memory pages for more details.

The compatibility mode dialog that displays when the system detects that a 4 KB-aligned app could run more optimally if 16 KB aligned.

Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.

Penghentian pengumuman aksesibilitas yang mengganggu

Android 16 废弃了无障碍功能通告，其特征是使用 announceForAccessibility 或调度 TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT 无障碍功能事件。这可能会给 TalkBack 和 Android 屏幕阅读器用户带来不一致的用户体验，而替代方案可以更好地满足各种 Android 辅助技术的用户需求。

替代方案示例：

• 对于窗口更改等重大界面更改，请使用 Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) 和 setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence)。在 Compose 中，使用 Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
• 如需向用户告知关键界面的更改，请使用 setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int)。在 Compose 中，请使用 Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]}。应谨慎使用这些事件，因为它们可能会在每次更新视图时生成通知。
• 如需向用户发送错误通知，请发送类型为 AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR 的 AccessibilityEvent 并设置 AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence)，或使用 TextView#setError(CharSequence)。

已废弃的 announceForAccessibility API 的参考文档中包含有关建议替代方案的更多详细信息。

Dukungan untuk navigasi 3 tombol

Android 16 menghadirkan dukungan kembali prediktif ke navigasi 3 tombol untuk aplikasi yang telah dimigrasikan dengan benar ke kembali prediktif. Menekan lama tombol kembali akan memulai animasi kembali prediktif, yang memberi Anda pratinjau tempat geser kembali akan membawa Anda.

Perilaku ini berlaku di semua area sistem yang mendukung animasi kembali prediktif, termasuk animasi sistem (kembali ke layar utama, lintas tugas, dan lintas aktivitas).

Animasi kembali prediktif dalam mode navigasi 3 tombol.

Ikon aplikasi bertema otomatis

从 Android 16 QPR 2 开始，Android 会自动将主题应用于应用图标，以打造一致的主屏幕体验。如果应用未提供自己的带主题的应用图标，就会发生这种情况。应用可以通过在自适应图标中添加单色图层来控制主题化应用图标的设计，并在 Android Studio 中预览应用图标的外观。

Faktor bentuk perangkat

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut untuk aplikasi saat diproyeksikan ke layar oleh pemilik perangkat virtual.

Penggantian pemilik perangkat virtual

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Keamanan

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan yang meningkatkan keamanan sistem untuk membantu melindungi aplikasi dan pengguna dari aplikasi berbahaya.

Peningkatan keamanan terhadap serangan pengalihan Intent

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

Important: Opting out of security protections should be done with caution and only when absolutely necessary, as it can increase the risk of security vulnerabilities. Carefully assess the potential impact on your app's security before using this API.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

Caution: Using reflection can make your code more fragile and prone to errors, especially if the underlying API changes in future Android versions. Whenever possible, update your compile SDK to target Android 16 (API level 36) or higher to use the API directly.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Aplikasi pendamping tidak lagi diberi tahu tentang waktu tunggu penemuan

Android 16 introduces a new behavior during companion device pairing flow to protect the user's location privacy from malicious apps. All companion apps running on Android 16 are no longer directly notified of discovery timeout using RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT. Instead, the user is notified of timeout events with a visual dialog. When the user dismisses the dialog, the app is alerted of the association failure with RESULT_USER_REJECTED.

The search duration has also been extended from the original 20 seconds, and the device discovery can be stopped by the user at any point during the search. If at least one device was discovered within the first 20 seconds of starting the search, the CDM stops searching for additional devices.

Konektivitas

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut dalam stack Bluetooth untuk meningkatkan konektivitas dengan perangkat periferal.

Peningkatan penanganan kehilangan ikatan

从 Android 16 开始，蓝牙堆栈已更新，以便在检测到远程配对丢失时提高安全性和用户体验。以前，系统会自动解除配对并启动新的配对流程，这可能会导致意外重新配对。在许多情况下，我们发现应用未以一致的方式处理债券损失事件。

为了统一体验，Android 16 改进了系统的绑定丢失处理。如果之前配对的蓝牙设备在重新连接时无法进行身份验证，系统会断开关联，保留本地配对信息，并显示系统对话框，告知用户配对已断开并指示他们重新配对。