Transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

If you need to perform a data transfer that may take a long time, you can create a JobScheduler job and identify it as a user-initiated data transfer (UIDT) job. UIDT jobs are intended for longer-duration data transfers that are initiated by the device user, such as downloading a file from a remote server. UIDT jobs were introduced with Android 14 (API level 34).

User-initiated data transfer jobs are started by the user. These jobs require a notification, start immediately, and may be able to run for an extended period of time as system conditions allow. You can run several user-initiated data transfer jobs concurrently.

User initiated jobs must be scheduled while the application is visible to the user (or in one of the allowed conditions). After all constraints are met, user initiated jobs can be executed by the OS, subject to system health restrictions. The system may also use the provided estimated payload size to determine how long the job executes.

Cómo programar tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

Para ejecutar una tarea de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario, haz lo siguiente:

Asegúrate de que tu app haya declarado los permisos JobService y los permisos asociados en su manifiesto:

<service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
        android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
        android:exported="false">
        ...
</service>

Además, define una subclase concreta de JobService para tu transferencia de datos:

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  ...
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService() {

    ....

}

Declara el permiso RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS en el manifiesto:

<manifest ...>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

Llama al método setUserInitiated() cuando compiles un objeto JobInfo. (Este método está disponible a partir de Android 14). También te recomendamos que ofrezcas una estimación del tamaño de la carga útil llamando a setEstimatedNetworkBytes() durante la creación de la tarea.

Kotlin

val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
        // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
        // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
        // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
        // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
        .build()

val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
              ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService::class.java))
        // ...
        .setUserInitiated(true)
        .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder)
        // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
        .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
        // ...
        .build()

Java

NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
    // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
    // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
    // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
    // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
    .build();

JobInfo jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
        new ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService.class))
    // ...
    .setUserInitiated(true)
    .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequest)
    // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
    .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
    // ...
    .build();

Mientras se ejecuta el trabajo, llama a setNotification() en el objeto JobService. La llamada a setNotification() le informa al usuario que el trabajo está en ejecución, tanto en el Administrador de tareas como en el área de notificaciones de la barra de estado.

Cuando finalice la ejecución, llama a jobFinished() para indicarle al sistema que se completó la tarea o que se debe reprogramar.

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService: JobService() {
    private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO)

    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters): Boolean {
        val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext,
                              NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
            .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
            .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
            .setContentText("Job is running")
            .build()

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        scope.launch {
            doDownload(params)
        }
        return true
    }

    private suspend fun doDownload(params: JobParameters) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false)
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    override fun onStopJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService{
    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    @Override
    public boolean onStartJob(JobParameters params) {
        Notification notification = Notification.Builder(getBaseContext(),
                                        NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
                .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
                .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
                .setContentText("Job is running")
                .build();

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                          JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        new Thread(() -> doDownload(params)).start();
        return true;
    }

    private void doDownload(JobParameters params) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false);
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    @Override
    public boolean onStopJob(JobParameters params) {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true; // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Actualiza la notificación de forma periódica para mantener informado al usuario sobre el estado y el progreso de la tarea. Si no puedes determinar el tamaño de transferencia antes de programar la tarea o necesitas actualizar el tamaño de transferencia estimado, usa la nueva API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes(), para actualizar el tamaño de transferencia después de que se haga conocido.

Recomendaciones

Para ejecutar trabajos de UIDT de manera eficaz, haz lo siguiente:

Define claramente las restricciones de red y las restricciones de ejecución del trabajo para especificar cuándo se debe ejecutar el trabajo.
Ejecuta la tarea de forma asíncrona en onStartJob(); por ejemplo, puedes hacerlo con una corrutina. Si no ejecutas la tarea de forma asíncrona, el trabajo se ejecutará en el subproceso principal y podría bloquearlo, lo que puede provocar un error de ANR.
Para evitar que el trabajo se ejecute más tiempo del necesario, llama a jobFinished() cuando finalice la transferencia, ya sea que se realice correctamente o no. De esta manera, el trabajo no se ejecutará más tiempo del necesario. Para descubrir por qué se detuvo un trabajo, implementa el método de devolución de llamada onStopJob() y llama a JobParameters.getStopReason().

Retrocompatibilidad

There is currently no Jetpack library that supports UIDT jobs. For this reason, we recommend that you gate your change with code that verifies that you're running on Android 14 or higher. On lower Android versions, you can use WorkManager's foreground service implementation as a fallback approach.

Here's an example of code that checks for the appropriate system version:

Kotlin

fun beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context)
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context)
    }
}

private fun scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context: Context) {
    // build jobInfo
    val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
        context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)
}

private fun scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context: Context) {
    val myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker::class.java)
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Java

public void beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context);
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context);
    }
}

private void scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(Context context) {
    // build jobInfo
    JobScheduler jobScheduler =
            (JobScheduler) context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo);
}

private void scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(Context context) {
    OneTimeWorkRequest myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker.class);
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Detén los trabajos de UIDT

El usuario y el sistema pueden detener tareas de transferencia que inicia el usuario.

Por el usuario, desde el Administrador de tareas

The user can stop a user-initiated data transfer job that appears in the Task Manager.

At the moment that the user presses Stop, the system does the following:

Terminates your app's process immediately, including all other jobs or foreground services running.
Doesn't call onStopJob() for any running jobs.
Prevents user-visible jobs from being rescheduled.

For these reasons, it's recommended to provide controls in the notification posted for the job to allow gracefully stopping and rescheduling the job.

Note that, under special circumstances, the Stop button doesn't appear next to the job in the Task Manager, or the job isn't shown in the Task Manager at all.

Por el sistema

与常规作业不同，用户发起的数据传输作业不受应用待机模式存储分区配额的影响。但是，如果出现以下任一情况，系统仍会停止作业：

不再满足开发者定义的约束条件。
系统确定该作业的运行时间超出了完成数据传输任务所需的时间。
系统需要优先考虑系统运行状况，并因发热程度上升而停止作业。
应用进程因设备内存不足而被终止。

如果系统因设备内存不足以外的原因停止作业，系统会调用 onStopJob()，并在系统认为最佳的时间重试作业。确保您的应用可以保留数据传输状态（即使未调用 onStopJob()），并且您的应用可以在再次调用 onStartJob() 时恢复此状态。

Condiciones permitidas para programar tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

Apps can only start a user-initiated data transfer job if the app is in the visible window, or if certain conditions are met:

If an app can launch activities from the background, it can also launch user-initiated data transfer jobs from the background.
If an app has an activity in the back stack of an existing task on the Recents screen, that alone doesn't allow a user-initiated data transfer job to run.

If the job is scheduled to run at a time when the necessary conditions are not met, the job fails and returns a RESULT_FAILURE error code.

Restricciones permitidas para las tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

To support jobs running at optimal points, Android offers the ability to assign constraints to each job type. These constraints are available as of Android 13.

Note: The following table only compares the constraints that vary between each job type. See JobScheduler developer page or work constraints for all constraints.

The following table shows the different job types that support a given job constraint, as well as the set of job constraints that WorkManager supports. Use the search bar before the table to filter the table by the name of a job constraint method.

These are the constraints allowed with user-initiated data transfer jobs:

setBackoffCriteria(JobInfo.BACKOFF_POLICY_EXPONENTIAL)
setClipData()
setEstimatedNetworkBytes()
setMinimumNetworkChunkBytes()
setPersisted()
setNamespace()
setRequiredNetwork()
setRequiredNetworkType()
setRequiresBatteryNotLow()
setRequiresCharging()
setRequiresStorageNotLow()

Prueba

The following list shows some steps on how to test your app's jobs manually:

To get the job ID, get the value that is defined upon the job being built.
To run a job immediately, or to retry a stopped job, run the following command in a terminal window:
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler run -f APP_PACKAGE_NAME JOB_ID
```
To simulate the system force-stopping a job (due to system health or out-of-quota conditions), run the following command in a terminal window:
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler timeout TEST_APP_PACKAGE TEST_JOB_ID
```

Consulta también

Recursos adicionales

Para obtener más información sobre las transferencias de datos iniciadas por el usuario, consulta los siguientes recursos adicionales:

Caso de éxito sobre la integración de la UIDT: Google Maps mejoró la confiabilidad de las descargas en un 10% con la API de transferencia de datos iniciada por el usuario

Transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario Organiza tus páginas con colecciones Guarda y categoriza el contenido según tus preferencias.

Cómo programar tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

Kotlin

Java

Kotlin

Java

Kotlin

Java

Recomendaciones

Retrocompatibilidad

Kotlin

Java

Detén los trabajos de UIDT

Por el usuario, desde el Administrador de tareas

Por el sistema

Condiciones permitidas para programar tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

Restricciones permitidas para las tareas de transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario

Prueba

Consulta también

Recursos adicionales

Transferencia de datos que inicia el usuario