本文說明如何設定各種常見的 Espresso 測試。
比對檢視畫面與其他檢視畫面
版面配置中可以包含不同的特定檢視畫面。適用對象
例如,在聯絡人表格中設定重複通話按鈕時,可以
R.id
,包含相同的文字,以及與其他呼叫相同的屬性
按鈕。
例如,在這個活動中,含有文字 "7"
的檢視區塊會在多個項目中重複出現
列:
非唯一資料檢視通常會與
,例如通話按鈕旁的聯絡人姓名。在本例中
可以使用 hasSibling()
比對器縮小選取範圍:
onView(allOf(withText("7"), hasSibling(withText("item: 0"))))
.perform(click())
onView(allOf(withText("7"), hasSibling(withText("item: 0"))))
.perform(click());
比對動作列中的檢視畫面
ActionBarTestActivity
有兩個不同的動作列:一般
動作列,以及從選項選單建立的關聯動作列。兩者皆有
動作列包含一個隨時顯示的項目,以及兩個
顯示在溢位選單中使用者點選項目時,會將 TextView 變更為
點擊項目的內容。
如上圖所示,兩個動作列的對應圖示非常簡單明瞭 :
fun testClickActionBarItem() {
// We make sure the contextual action bar is hidden.
onView(withId(R.id.hide_contextual_action_bar))
.perform(click())
// Click on the icon - we can find it by the r.Id.
onView(withId(R.id.action_save))
.perform(click())
// Verify that we have really clicked on the icon
// by checking the TextView content.
onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result))
.check(matches(withText("Save")))
}
public void testClickActionBarItem() {
// We make sure the contextual action bar is hidden.
onView(withId(R.id.hide_contextual_action_bar))
.perform(click());
// Click on the icon - we can find it by the r.Id.
onView(withId(R.id.action_save))
.perform(click());
// Verify that we have really clicked on the icon
// by checking the TextView content.
onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result))
.check(matches(withText("Save")));
}
程式碼針對關聯動作列的程式碼看起來一樣:
fun testClickActionModeItem() {
// Make sure we show the contextual action bar.
onView(withId(R.id.show_contextual_action_bar))
.perform(click())
// Click on the icon.
onView((withId(R.id.action_lock)))
.perform(click())
// Verify that we have really clicked on the icon
// by checking the TextView content.
onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result))
.check(matches(withText("Lock")))
}
public void testClickActionModeItem() {
// Make sure we show the contextual action bar.
onView(withId(R.id.show_contextual_action_bar))
.perform(click());
// Click on the icon.
onView((withId(R.id.action_lock)))
.perform(click());
// Verify that we have really clicked on the icon
// by checking the TextView content.
onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result))
.check(matches(withText("Lock")));
}
點選溢位選單中的項目,較不容易執行一般操作 因為某些裝置具有硬體溢位選單按鈕,這類按鈕的作用是 選項選單中有溢位項目,部分裝置則出現軟體溢位現象 選單按鈕,用於開啟一般溢位選單。幸好,Espresso 會處理 。
一般動作列:
fun testActionBarOverflow() {
// Make sure we hide the contextual action bar.
onView(withId(R.id.hide_contextual_action_bar))
.perform(click())
// Open the options menu OR open the overflow menu, depending on whether
// the device has a hardware or software overflow menu button.
openActionBarOverflowOrOptionsMenu(
ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext<Context>())
// Click the item.
onView(withText("World"))
.perform(click())
// Verify that we have really clicked on the icon by checking
// the TextView content.
onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result))
.check(matches(withText("World")))
}
public void testActionBarOverflow() {
// Make sure we hide the contextual action bar.
onView(withId(R.id.hide_contextual_action_bar))
.perform(click());
// Open the options menu OR open the overflow menu, depending on whether
// the device has a hardware or software overflow menu button.
openActionBarOverflowOrOptionsMenu(
ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext());
// Click the item.
onView(withText("World"))
.perform(click());
// Verify that we have really clicked on the icon by checking
// the TextView content.
onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result))
.check(matches(withText("World")));
}
在有硬體溢位選單按鈕的裝置上,顯示畫面如下:
針對關聯動作列,您可以再簡單不過:
fun testActionModeOverflow() {
// Show the contextual action bar.
onView(withId(R.id.show_contextual_action_bar))
.perform(click())
// Open the overflow menu from contextual action mode.
openContextualActionModeOverflowMenu()
// Click on the item.
onView(withText("Key"))
.perform(click())
// Verify that we have really clicked on the icon by
// checking the TextView content.
onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result))
.check(matches(withText("Key")))
}
}
public void testActionModeOverflow() {
// Show the contextual action bar.
onView(withId(R.id.show_contextual_action_bar))
.perform(click());
// Open the overflow menu from contextual action mode.
openContextualActionModeOverflowMenu();
// Click on the item.
onView(withText("Key"))
.perform(click());
// Verify that we have really clicked on the icon by
// checking the TextView content.
onView(withId(R.id.text_action_bar_result))
.check(matches(withText("Key")));
}
}
如要查看這些範例的完整程式碼,請參閱
GitHub 上的 ActionBarTest.java
範例。
斷言檢視畫面未顯示
執行一連串動作後,請務必確認
測試中 UI 的狀態有時這可能是負值,例如
完全不必擔心提醒你,你可以翻轉任何方向
透過 ViewAssertions.matches()
比對到 ViewAssertion
。
在下例中,我們擷取 isDisplayed()
比對器並使用「
標準 not()
比對器:
import androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onView
import androidx.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.matches
import androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.isDisplayed
import androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId
import org.hamcrest.Matchers.not
onView(withId(R.id.bottom_left))
.check(matches(not(isDisplayed())))
import static androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onView;
import static androidx.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.matches;
import static androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.isDisplayed;
import static androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.not;
onView(withId(R.id.bottom_left))
.check(matches(not(isDisplayed())));
如果檢視區塊仍屬於階層的一部分,可以使用上述方法。如果是
沒有,您將獲得 NoMatchingViewException
,您必須使用
ViewAssertions.doesNotExist()
。
斷言檢視畫面不存在
如果檢視區塊離開檢視區塊階層,會發生在
動作造成另一個活動轉換,您應該使用
ViewAssertions.doesNotExist()
:
import androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onView
import androidx.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.doesNotExist
import androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId
onView(withId(R.id.bottom_left))
.check(doesNotExist())
import static androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onView;
import static androidx.test.espresso.assertion.ViewAssertions.doesNotExist;
import static androidx.test.espresso.matcher.ViewMatchers.withId;
onView(withId(R.id.bottom_left))
.check(doesNotExist());
斷言資料項目不在轉接器中
如要證明特定資料項目不在 AdapterView
中,請按照下列步驟操作:
稍有不同我們得找到感興趣的AdapterView
保護自身持有的資料,並調查其保存狀態。不需要使用 onData()
。
而是使用 onView()
找出 AdapterView
,然後再使用另一個
比對器來處理檢視畫面中的資料。
首先,比對器:
private fun withAdaptedData(dataMatcher: Matcher<Any>): Matcher<View> {
return object : TypeSafeMatcher<View>() {
override fun describeTo(description: Description) {
description.appendText("with class name: ")
dataMatcher.describeTo(description)
}
public override fun matchesSafely(view: View) : Boolean {
if (view !is AdapterView<*>) {
return false
}
val adapter = view.adapter
for (i in 0 until adapter.count) {
if (dataMatcher.matches(adapter.getItem(i))) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
}
}
private static Matcher<View> withAdaptedData(final Matcher<Object> dataMatcher) {
return new TypeSafeMatcher<View>() {
@Override
public void describeTo(Description description) {
description.appendText("with class name: ");
dataMatcher.describeTo(description);
}
@Override
public boolean matchesSafely(View view) {
if (!(view instanceof AdapterView)) {
return false;
}
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
Adapter adapter = ((AdapterView) view).getAdapter();
for (int i = 0; i < adapter.getCount(); i++) {
if (dataMatcher.matches(adapter.getItem(i))) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
};
}
接著,我們只需要 onView()
即可找出 AdapterView
:
fun testDataItemNotInAdapter() {
onView(withId(R.id.list))
.check(matches(not(withAdaptedData(withItemContent("item: 168")))))
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void testDataItemNotInAdapter() {
onView(withId(R.id.list))
.check(matches(not(withAdaptedData(withItemContent("item: 168")))));
}
}
此外,對於等於「item: 168」的項目,系統會斷言將會失敗 存在於 ID 清單的轉接程式檢視畫面中。
如需完整範例,請查看以下程式碼中的 testDataItemNotInAdapter()
方法:
AdapterViewTest.java
類別。
使用自訂失敗處理常式
將 Espresso 中的預設 FailureHandler
替換成自訂值,以供下列用途:
其他或不同的錯誤處理方式,例如擷取螢幕畫面或傳送
以及額外的偵錯資訊
CustomFailureHandlerTest
範例說明如何實作
失敗處理常式:
private class CustomFailureHandler(targetContext: Context) : FailureHandler {
private val delegate: FailureHandler
init {
delegate = DefaultFailureHandler(targetContext)
}
override fun handle(error: Throwable, viewMatcher: Matcher<View>) {
try {
delegate.handle(error, viewMatcher)
} catch (e: NoMatchingViewException) {
throw MySpecialException(e)
}
}
}
private static class CustomFailureHandler implements FailureHandler {
private final FailureHandler delegate;
public CustomFailureHandler(Context targetContext) {
delegate = new DefaultFailureHandler(targetContext);
}
@Override
public void handle(Throwable error, Matcher<View> viewMatcher) {
try {
delegate.handle(error, viewMatcher);
} catch (NoMatchingViewException e) {
throw new MySpecialException(e);
}
}
}
這個錯誤處理常式會擲回 MySpecialException
,而非
NoMatchingViewException
,並將所有其他失敗作業委派給
DefaultFailureHandler
。CustomFailureHandler
可用來註冊
在測試的 setUp()
方法中使用 Espresso:
@Throws(Exception::class)
override fun setUp() {
super.setUp()
getActivity()
setFailureHandler(CustomFailureHandler(
ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext<Context>()))
}
@Override
public void setUp() throws Exception {
super.setUp();
getActivity();
setFailureHandler(new CustomFailureHandler(
ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext()));
}
詳情請參閱
FailureHandler
敬上
介面和
Espresso.setFailureHandler()
。
目標非預設視窗
Android 支援多個視窗。通常對使用者來說,這是公開透明的
和應用程式開發商,但在特定情況下,系統會顯示多個視窗,例如
就像在應用程式的主應用程式視窗上繪製自動完成視窗一樣
搜尋小工具為了簡化內容,Espresso 預設會使用經驗法則
猜猜您打算與哪個Window
互動。這種啟發式演算法將
永遠很好;不過在極少數的情況下,您必須指定
互動應設為目標方法是自行提供根視窗
比對器或 Root
比對器:
onView(withText("South China Sea"))
.inRoot(withDecorView(not(`is`(getActivity().getWindow().getDecorView()))))
.perform(click())
onView(withText("South China Sea"))
.inRoot(withDecorView(not(is(getActivity().getWindow().getDecorView()))))
.perform(click());
就像使用
ViewMatchers
、
我們會提供一組預先提供的
RootMatchers
。
當然,您隨時都可實作自己的 Matcher
物件。
在清單檢視中比對頁首或頁尾
ListViews
透過 addHeaderView()
和
addFooterView()
方法。確保 Espresso.onData()
知道哪個資料物件
因此,請務必將預設的資料物件值當做第二個參數
傳送至 addHeaderView()
和 addFooterView()
。例如:
const val FOOTER = "FOOTER"
...
val footerView = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.list_item, listView, false)
footerView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.item_content).text = "count:"
footerView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.item_size).text
= data.size.toString
listView.addFooterView(footerView, FOOTER, true)
public static final String FOOTER = "FOOTER";
...
View footerView = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.list_item, listView, false);
footerView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.item_content).setText("count:");
footerView.findViewById<TextView>(R.id.item_size).setText(String.valueOf(data.size()));
listView.addFooterView(footerView, FOOTER, true);
接著,您可以撰寫頁尾比對器:
import org.hamcrest.Matchers.allOf
import org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf
import org.hamcrest.Matchers.`is`
fun isFooter(): Matcher<Any> {
return allOf(`is`(instanceOf(String::class.java)),
`is`(LongListActivity.FOOTER))
}
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.allOf;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static Matcher<Object> isFooter() {
return allOf(is(instanceOf(String.class)), is(LongListActivity.FOOTER));
}
而且在測試中載入檢視畫面很困難:
import androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onData
import androidx.test.espresso.action.ViewActions.click
import androidx.test.espresso.sample.LongListMatchers.isFooter
fun testClickFooter() {
onData(isFooter())
.perform(click())
// ...
}
import static androidx.test.espresso.Espresso.onData;
import static androidx.test.espresso.action.ViewActions.click;
import static androidx.test.espresso.sample.LongListMatchers.isFooter;
public void testClickFooter() {
onData(isFooter())
.perform(click());
// ...
}
查看完整程式碼範例,位於以下程式碼的 testClickFooter()
方法中:
AdapterViewTest.java
。