行为变更：所有应用

Android 16 平台包含一些可能会影响您的应用的行为变更。以下行为变更将影响在 Android 16 上运行的所有应用，无论采用哪种 targetSdkVersion 都不例外。您应该测试您的应用，然后根据需要酌情修改，以便支持这些变更。

此外，请务必查看仅影响以 Android 16 为目标平台的应用的行为变更列表。

核心功能

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含以下变更，这些变更会修改或扩展 Android 系统的各种核心功能。

JobScheduler 配额优化

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

• Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
• If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
• If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For information about how your app's state affects the resources it can use, see Power management resource limits. For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

已放弃的空作业的停止原因

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

完全弃用 JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) 方法用于在调度应用位于前台或暂时豁免于后台限制时指示作业的优先级。

自 Android 12（API 级别 31）起，此方法已废弃。从 Android 16 开始，它不再有效，系统会忽略调用此方法。

此功能移除也适用于 JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground()。从 Android 16 开始，如果调用该方法，该方法会返回 false。

有序广播优先级范围不再是全局

Android 应用可以为广播接收器定义优先级，以控制接收器接收和处理广播的顺序。对于清单声明的接收器，应用可以使用 android:priority 属性来定义优先级；对于上下文注册的接收器，应用可以使用 IntentFilter#setPriority() API 来定义优先级。发送广播时，系统会按接收器的优先级（从高到低）将其传送给接收器。

在 Android 16 中，无法保证使用 android:priority 属性或 IntentFilter#setPriority() 在不同进程中传送广播的顺序。广播优先级仅在同一应用进程内有效，而不会跨所有进程有效。

此外，广播优先级将自动限制在 (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1) 的范围内。只有系统组件才能将 SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY、SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY 设置为广播优先级。

如果您的应用执行以下任一操作，可能会受到影响：

1. 您的应用声明了具有相同广播 intent 的多个进程，并且希望根据优先级以特定顺序接收这些 intent。
2. 您的应用进程与其他进程交互，并期望以特定顺序接收广播 intent。

如果进程需要相互协调，则应使用其他协调渠道进行通信。

ART 内部变更

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

16 KB 页面大小兼容模式

Android 15 引入了对 16 KB 内存页面的支持，以优化平台性能。Android 16 添加了兼容模式，让一些针对 4 KB 内存页面构建的应用可以在配置为 16 KB 内存页面的设备上运行。

当您的应用在搭载 Android 16 或更高版本的设备上运行时，如果 Android 检测到您的应用具有 4 KB 对齐的内存页面，则会自动使用兼容模式并向用户显示通知对话框。在 AndroidManifest.xml 中设置 android:pageSizeCompat 属性以启用向后兼容模式，将会阻止应用启动时显示对话框。如需使用 android:pageSizeCompat 属性，请使用 Android 16 SDK 编译您的应用。

为了实现最佳性能、可靠性和稳定性，应用仍应以 16 KB 对齐。如需了解详情，请参阅我们近期发布的博文，了解如何更新应用以支持 16 KB 的内存页面。

兼容模式对话框：当系统检测到 4 KB 对齐的应用在 16 KB 对齐的情况下可以更高效地运行时，系统会显示此对话框。

用户体验和系统界面

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含以下旨在打造更一致、更直观的用户体验的变更。

弃用干扰性无障碍公告

Android 16 deprecates accessibility announcements, characterized by the use of announceForAccessibility or the dispatch of TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT accessibility events. These can create inconsistent user experiences for users of TalkBack and Android's screen reader, and alternatives better serve a broader range of user needs across a variety of Android's assistive technologies.

Examples of alternatives:

• For significant UI changes like window changes, use Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) and setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
• To inform the user of changes to critical UI, use setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]} . These should be used sparingly as they may generate announcements every time a View is updated.
• To notify users about errors, send an AccessibilityEvent of type AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR and set AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence), or use TextView#setError(CharSequence).

The reference documentation for the deprecated announceForAccessibility API includes more details about suggested alternatives.

支持“三按钮”导航

Android 16 brings predictive back support to the 3-button navigation for apps that have properly migrated to predictive back. Long-pressing the back button initiates a predictive back animation, giving you a preview of where the back swipe takes you.

This behavior applies across all areas of the system that support predictive back animations, including the system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity).

The predictive back animations in 3-button navigation mode.

自动带主题的应用图标

Beginning with Android 16 QPR 2, Android automatically applies themes to app icons to create a cohesive home screen experience. This occurs if an app does not provide its own themed app icon. Apps can control the design of their themed app icon by including a monochrome layer within their adaptive icon and previewing what their app icon will look like in Android Studio.

设备规格

Android 16（API 级别 36）在虚拟设备所有者将应用投影到显示屏时，对应用做出了以下更改。

虚拟设备所有者替换项

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

安全

Android 16（API 级别 36）包含多项变更，旨在提升系统安全性，帮助保护应用和用户免受恶意应用的侵害。

安全性更强，可防范 Intent 重定向攻击

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

Important: Opting out of security protections should be done with caution and only when absolutely necessary, as it can increase the risk of security vulnerabilities. Carefully assess the potential impact on your app's security before using this API.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

Caution: Using reflection can make your code more fragile and prone to errors, especially if the underlying API changes in future Android versions. Whenever possible, update your compile SDK to target Android 16 (API level 36) or higher to use the API directly.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

不再向配套应用通知发现超时

Android 16 在配套设备配对流程期间引入了一种新行为，以防恶意应用侵犯用户的位置信息隐私。在 Android 16 上运行的所有配套应用都不再直接通过 RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT 收到发现超时通知。而是通过可视对话框通知用户超时事件。当用户关闭对话框时，系统会通过 RESULT_USER_REJECTED 提醒应用关联失败。

搜索时长也从原来的 20 秒延长到了 30 秒，并且用户可以在搜索期间的任何时间停止设备发现。如果在开始搜索的前 20 秒内发现了至少 1 部设备，CDM 会停止搜索其他设备。

连接

Android 16（API 级别 36）在蓝牙堆栈中进行了以下更改，以改善与外围设备的连接。

改进了债券损失处理

从 Android 16 开始，蓝牙堆栈已更新，以便在检测到远程配对丢失时提高安全性和用户体验。以前，系统会自动解除配对并启动新的配对流程，这可能会导致意外重新配对。在许多情况下，我们发现应用未以一致的方式处理债券损失事件。

为了统一体验，Android 16 改进了系统的绑定丢失处理。如果之前配对的蓝牙设备在重新连接时无法进行身份验证，系统会断开关联，保留本地配对信息，并显示系统对话框，告知用户配对已断开并指示他们重新配对。