功能與 API

Android 17 為開發人員推出了強大的新功能和 API。以下各節會簡要說明這些功能,協助您開始使用相關 API。

如需新增、修改及移除 API 的詳細清單,請參閱 API 差異比較表。如要進一步瞭解新的 API,請參閱 Android API 參考資料 - 新的 API 會醒目顯示,以利於查看。

此外,也請查看平台變更可能對應用程式造成的影響。詳情請參閱下列頁面:

核心功能

Android 17 新增了下列與 Android 核心功能相關的功能。

新的 ProfilingManager 觸發條件

Android 17 向 ProfilingManager 添加了多个新的系统触发器,以 帮助您收集深入数据来调试性能问题。

新触发器包括:

如需了解如何设置系统触发器,请参阅有关 基于触发器的性能分析的文档以及有关如何检索和分析性能分析数据 的文档

应用异常的性能分析触发器

Android 17 引入了一项设备端异常检测服务,用于监控资源密集型行为和潜在的兼容性回归。此服务与ProfilingManager集成,可让您的应用接收由特定系统检测到的事件触发的性能分析工件。

使用 TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY 触发器检测系统性能问题 例如 binder 调用过多和内存用量过高。当应用违反操作系统定义的内存限制时,异常触发器允许开发者接收特定于应用的堆转储,以帮助识别和修复内存问题。此外,对于 binder 垃圾内容过多,异常触发器会提供有关 binder 事务的堆栈抽样分析报告。

此 API 回调发生在系统强制执行任何操作之前。例如,它可以帮助开发者在应用因超出内存限制而被系统终止之前收集调试数据。

val profilingManager =
    applicationContext.getSystemService(ProfilingManager::class.java)
val triggers = ArrayList<ProfilingTrigger>()
triggers.add(ProfilingTrigger.Builder(ProfilingTrigger.TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY))
val mainExecutor: Executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor()
val resultCallback = Consumer<ProfilingResult> { profilingResult ->
    if (profilingResult.errorCode != ProfilingResult.ERROR_NONE) {
        // upload profile result to server for further analysis
        setupProfileUploadWorker(profilingResult.resultFilePath)
    }
    profilingManager.registerForAllProfilingResults(mainExecutor,
                                                    resultCallback)
    profilingManager.addProfilingTriggers(triggers)
}

JobDebugInfo API

Android 17 引入了新的 JobDebugInfo API,可帮助开发者调试其 JobScheduler 作业,了解作业未运行的原因、运行时长以及其他汇总信息。

扩展后的 JobDebugInfo API 的第一个方法是 getPendingJobReasonStats(),该方法会返回一个映射,其中包含作业处于待执行状态的原因及其各自的累计待执行时长。此方法将 getPendingJobReasonsHistory()getPendingJobReasons() 方法联接在一起,可让您了解预定作业未按预期运行的原因,但通过在单个方法中同时提供时长和作业原因,简化了信息检索。

例如,对于指定的 jobId,该方法可能会返回 PENDING_JOB_REASON_CONSTRAINT_CHARGING 和 60000 毫秒的时长,表示作业因未满足充电约束而处于等待状态 60000 毫秒。

支援允許閒置時的鬧鐘,減少喚醒鎖定

Android 17 引入了 AlarmManager.setExactAndAllowWhileIdle 的新变体,该变体 接受 OnAlarmListener 而不是 PendingIntent。这种基于回调的新机制非常适合目前依赖于连续唤醒锁来执行定期任务的应用,例如维护套接字连接的消息传递应用。

隱私權

Android 17 包含下列新功能,可提升使用者隱私。

支援 Encrypted Client Hello (ECH) 的平台

Android 17 引入了对加密客户端 Hello (ECH) 的平台支持,这是对网络通信的一项重大隐私增强功能。ECH 是一项 TLS 1.3 扩展,可在初始 TLS 握手期间加密服务器名称指示 (SNI)。这种加密有助于保护用户隐私,因为它可以让网络中介更难识别应用连接到的特定网域。

该平台现在包含网络库实现 ECH 所需的 API。这包括 DnsResolver 中的新功能,用于查询包含 ECH 配置的 HTTPS DNS 记录;以及 Conscrypt 的 SSLEngine 和 SSLSocket 中的新方法,用于在连接到网域时传入这些配置来启用 ECH。开发者可以通过网络安全配置文件中的新 <domainEncryption> 元素来配置 ECH 偏好设置,例如机会性地启用 ECH 或强制使用 ECH,这些设置可全局应用,也可按网域应用。

预计 HttpEngine、WebView 和 OkHttp 等热门联网库将在未来的更新中集成这些平台 API,从而使应用能够更轻松地采用 ECH 并增强用户隐私保护。

如需了解详情,请参阅加密的客户端 Hello 文档。

Android 聯絡人選擇工具

The Android Contact Picker is a standardized, browsable interface for users to share contacts with your app. Available on devices running Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, the picker offers a privacy-preserving alternative to the broad READ_CONTACTS permission. Instead of requesting access to the user's entire address book, your app specifies the data fields it needs, such as phone numbers or email addresses, and the user selects specific contacts to share. This grants your app read access to only the selected data, ensuring granular control while providing a consistent user experience with built-in search, profile switching, and multi-selection capabilities without having to build or maintain the UI.

For more information, see the contact picker documentation.

安全性

Android 17 新增了下列功能,可提升裝置和應用程式安全性。

Android 進階保護模式 (AAPM)

Android Advanced Protection Mode offers Android users a powerful new set of security features, marking a significant step in safeguarding users—particularly those at higher risk—from sophisticated attacks. Designed as an opt-in feature, AAPM is activated with a single configuration setting that users can turn on at any time to apply an opinionated set of security protections.

These core configurations include blocking app installation from unknown sources (sideloading), restricting USB data signaling, and mandating Google Play Protect scanning, which significantly reduces the device's attack surface area. Developers can integrate with this feature using the AdvancedProtectionManager API to detect the mode's status, enabling applications to automatically adopt a hardened security posture or restrict high-risk functionality when a user has opted in.

PQC APK 簽署

Android 现在支持混合 APK 签名方案,以保护应用的签名身份免受利用量子计算的攻击的潜在威胁。此功能引入了一种新的 APK 签名方案,可让您将经典签名密钥(例如 RSA 或 EC)与新的后量子加密 (PQC) 算法 (ML-DSA) 配对。

这种混合方法可确保您的应用在未来免受量子攻击,同时与依赖于经典签名验证的旧版 Android 和设备保持完全的向后兼容性。

对开发者的影响

  • 使用 Play 应用签名的应用:如果您使用 Play 应用签名,可以等待 Google Play 为您提供使用 Google Play 生成的 PQC 密钥升级混合签名的选项,从而确保您的应用受到保护,而无需手动管理密钥。
  • 使用自行管理的密钥的应用:自行管理签名密钥的开发者可以利用更新后的 Android build 工具(例如 apksigner)轮换到混合身份,将 PQC 密钥与新的经典密钥相结合。(您必须创建新的经典密钥,无法重复使用旧密钥。)

連線能力

Android 17 新增下列功能,可提升裝置和應用程式的連線能力。

受限的衛星網路

實作最佳化功能,讓應用程式在低頻寬的衛星網路上也能有效運作。

使用者體驗和系統 UI

Android 17 包含下列異動項目,可提升使用者體驗。

專屬的 Google 助理音量串流

Android 17 introduces a dedicated Assistant volume stream for Assistant apps, for playback with USAGE_ASSISTANT. This change decouples Assistant audio from the standard media stream, providing users with isolated control over both volumes. This enables scenarios such as muting media playback while maintaining audibility for Assistant responses, and the other way around.

Assistant apps with access to the new MODE_ASSISTANT_CONVERSATION audio mode can further improve the volume control consistency. Assistant apps can use this mode to provide a hint to the system about an active Assistant session, ensuring the Assistant stream can be controlled outside of the active USAGE_ASSISTANT playback or with connected Bluetooth peripherals.

Handoff

接續功能是 Android 17 的新功能和 API,應用程式開發人員可整合這項功能,為使用者提供跨裝置連續性。使用者可以在一部 Android 裝置上啟動應用程式活動,然後轉移到另一部 Android 裝置。接手功能會在使用者裝置的背景執行,並透過各種進入點 (例如啟動器和工作列),在接收裝置上顯示使用者其他鄰近裝置的可用活動。

如果接收裝置已安裝相同的原生 Android 應用程式,且該應用程式可供使用,應用程式可以指定 Handoff 啟動該應用程式。在這個應用程式對應用程式的流程中,系統會將使用者深層連結至指定活動。或者,應用程式到網站的交接功能可以做為備用選項,也可以直接透過網址交接功能導入。

「接力」支援功能是以活動為單位實作。如要啟用接續功能,請呼叫活動的 setHandoffEnabled() 方法。您可能需要連同交接作業傳遞額外資料,以便在接收裝置上重建活動時還原適當狀態。實作 onHandoffActivityDataRequested() 回呼,傳回 HandoffActivityData 物件,其中包含詳細資料,指定 Handoff 應如何處理及在接收裝置上重新建立活動。

即時更新 - 語意色彩 API

With Android 17, Live Update launches the Semantic Coloring APIs to support colors with universal meaning.

The following classes support semantic coloring:

Coloring

  • Green: Associated with safety. This color should be used for the case where it lets people know you are in the safe situation.
  • Orange: For designating caution and marking physical hazards. This color should be used in the situation where users need to pay attention to set better protection setting.
  • Red: Generally indicates danger, stop. It should be presented for the case where need people's attention urgently.
  • Blue: Neutral color for content that is informational and should stand out from other content.

The following example shows how to apply semantic styles to text in a notification:

  val ssb = SpannableStringBuilder()
        .append("Colors: ")
        .append("NONE", Notification.createSemanticStyleAnnotation(SEMANTIC_STYLE_UNSPECIFIED), 0)
        .append(", ")
        .append("INFO", Notification.createSemanticStyleAnnotation(SEMANTIC_STYLE_INFO), 0)
        .append(", ")
        .append("SAFE", Notification.createSemanticStyleAnnotation(SEMANTIC_STYLE_SAFE), 0)
        .append(", ")
        .append("CAUTION", Notification.createSemanticStyleAnnotation(SEMANTIC_STYLE_CAUTION), 0)
        .append(", ")
        .append("DANGER", Notification.createSemanticStyleAnnotation(SEMANTIC_STYLE_DANGER), 0)

    Notification.Builder(context, channelId)
          .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_icon)
          .setContentTitle("Hello World!")
          .setContentText(ssb)
          .setOngoing(true)
              .setRequestPromotedOngoing(true)

Android 17 適用的 UWB 下行鏈路 TDoA API

Downlink Time Difference of Arrival (DL-TDoA) ranging lets a device determine its position relative to multiple anchors by measuring the relative arrival times of signals.

The following snippet demonstrates how to initialize the Ranging Manager, verify device capabilities, and start a DL-TDoA session:

Kotlin

class RangingApp {

    fun initDlTdoa(context: Context) {
        // Initialize the Ranging Manager
        val rangingManager = context.getSystemService(RangingManager::class.java)

        // Register for device capabilities
        val capabilitiesCallback = object : RangingManager.RangingCapabilitiesCallback {
            override fun onRangingCapabilities(capabilities: RangingCapabilities) {
                // Make sure Dl-TDoA is supported before starting the session
                if (capabilities.uwbCapabilities != null && capabilities.uwbCapabilities!!.isDlTdoaSupported) {
                    startDlTDoASession(context)
                }
            }
        }
        rangingManager.registerCapabilitiesCallback(Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(), capabilitiesCallback)
    }

    fun startDlTDoASession(context: Context) {

        // Initialize the Ranging Manager
        val rangingManager = context.getSystemService(RangingManager::class.java)

        // Create session and configure parameters
        val executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor()
        val rangingSession = rangingManager.createRangingSession(executor, RangingSessionCallback())
        val rangingRoundIndexes = byteArrayOf(0)
        val config: ByteArray = byteArrayOf() // OOB config data
        val params = DlTdoaRangingParams.createFromFiraConfigPacket(config, rangingRoundIndexes)

        val rangingDevice = RangingDevice.Builder().build()
        val rawTagDevice = RawRangingDevice.Builder()
            .setRangingDevice(rangingDevice)
            .setDlTdoaRangingParams(params)
            .build()

        val dtTagConfig = RawDtTagRangingConfig.Builder(rawTagDevice).build()

        val preference = RangingPreference.Builder(DEVICE_ROLE_DT_TAG, dtTagConfig)
            .setSessionConfig(SessionConfig.Builder().build())
            .build()

        // Start the ranging session
        rangingSession.start(preference)
    }
}

private class RangingSessionCallback : RangingSession.Callback {
    override fun onDlTdoaResults(peer: RangingDevice, measurement: DlTdoaMeasurement) {
        // Process measurement results here
    }
}

Java

public class RangingApp {

    public void initDlTdoa(Context context) {

        // Initialize the Ranging Manager
        RangingManager rangingManager = context.getSystemService(RangingManager.class);

        // Register for device capabilities
        RangingManager.CapabilitiesCallback capabilitiesCallback = new RangingManager.RangingCapabilitiesCallback() {
            @Override
            public void onRangingCapabilities(RangingCapabilities capabilities) {
                // Make sure Dl-TDoA is supported before starting the session
                if (capabilities.getUwbCapabilities() != null && capabilities.getUwbCapabilities().isDlTdoaSupported()) {
                    startDlTDoASession(context);
                }
            }
        };
        rangingManager.registerCapabilitiesCallback(Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(), capabilitiesCallback);
    }

    public void startDlTDoASession(Context context) {
        RangingManager rangingManager = context.getSystemService(RangingManager.class);

        // Create session and configure parameters
        Executor executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
        RangingSession rangingSession = rangingManager.createRangingSession(executor, new RangingSessionCallback());
        byte[] rangingRoundIndexes = new byte[] {0};
        byte[] config = new byte[0]; // OOB config data
        DlTdoaRangingParams params = DlTdoaRangingParams.createFromFiraConfigPacket(config, rangingRoundIndexes);

        RangingDevice rangingDevice = new RangingDevice.Builder().build();
        RawRangingDevice rawTagDevice = new RawRangingDevice.Builder()
                .setRangingDevice(rangingDevice)
                .setDlTdoaRangingParams(params)
                .build();

        RawDtTagRangingConfig dtTagConfig = new RawDtTagRangingConfig.Builder(rawTagDevice).build();

        RangingPreference preference = new RangingPreference.Builder(DEVICE_ROLE_DT_TAG, dtTagConfig)
                .setSessionConfig(new SessionConfig.Builder().build())
                .build();

        // Start the ranging session
        rangingSession.start(preference);
    }

    private static class RangingSessionCallback implements RangingSession.Callback {

        @Override
        public void onDlTdoaResults(RangingDevice peer, DlTdoaMeasurement measurement) {
            // Process measurement results here
        }
    }
}

Out-of-Band (OOB) Configurations

The following snippet provides an example of DL-TDoA OOB configuration data for Wi-Fi and BLE:

Java

// Wifi Configuration
byte[] wifiConfig = {
    (byte) 0xDD, (byte) 0x2D, (byte) 0x5A, (byte) 0x18, (byte) 0xFF, // Header
    (byte) 0x5F, (byte) 0x19, // FiRa Sub-Element
    (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x00, // Profile ID
    (byte) 0x06, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x08, // MAC Address
    (byte) 0x14, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x0C, // Preamble Index
    (byte) 0x27, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x08, (byte) 0x07, // Vendor ID
    (byte) 0x28, (byte) 0x06, (byte) 0xCA, (byte) 0xC8, (byte) 0xA6, (byte) 0xF7, (byte) 0x6F, (byte) 0x08, // Static STS IV
    (byte) 0x08, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x60, (byte) 0x09, // Slot Duration
    (byte) 0x1B, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x0A, // Slots per RR
    (byte) 0x09, (byte) 0x04, (byte) 0xE8, (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, // Duration
    (byte) 0x9F, (byte) 0x04, (byte) 0x67, (byte) 0x45, (byte) 0x23, (byte) 0x01  // Session ID
};

// BLE Configuration
byte[] bleConfig = {
    (byte) 0x2D, (byte) 0x16, (byte) 0xF4, (byte) 0xFF, // Header
    (byte) 0x5F, (byte) 0x19, // FiRa Sub-Element
    (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x00, // Profile ID
    (byte) 0x06, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x08, // MAC Address
    (byte) 0x14, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x0C, // Preamble Index
    (byte) 0x27, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x08, (byte) 0x07, // Vendor ID
    (byte) 0x28, (byte) 0x06, (byte) 0xCA, (byte) 0xC8, (byte) 0xA6, (byte) 0xF7, (byte) 0x6F, (byte) 0x08, // Static STS IV
    (byte) 0x08, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x60, (byte) 0x09, // Slot Duration
    (byte) 0x1B, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x0A, // Slots per RR
    (byte) 0x09, (byte) 0x04, (byte) 0xE8, (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, // Duration
    (byte) 0x9F, (byte) 0x04, (byte) 0x67, (byte) 0x45, (byte) 0x23, (byte) 0x01  // Session ID
};

If you can't use an OOB configuration because it is missing, or if you need to change default values that aren't in the OOB config, you can build parameters with DlTdoaRangingParams.Builder as shown in the following snippet. You can use these parameters in place of DlTdoaRangingParams.createFromFiraConfigPacket():

Kotlin

val dlTdoaParams = DlTdoaRangingParams.Builder(1)
    .setComplexChannel(UwbComplexChannel.Builder()
            .setChannel(9).setPreambleIndex(10).build())
    .setDeviceAddress(deviceAddress)
    .setSessionKeyInfo(byteArrayOf(0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04))
    .setRangingIntervalMillis(240)
    .setSlotDuration(UwbRangingParams.DURATION_2_MS)
    .setSlotsPerRangingRound(20)
    .setRangingRoundIndexes(byteArrayOf(0x01, 0x05))
    .build()

Java

DlTdoaRangingParams dlTdoaParams = new DlTdoaRangingParams.Builder(1)
    .setComplexChannel(new UwbComplexChannel.Builder()
            .setChannel(9).setPreambleIndex(10).build())
    .setDeviceAddress(deviceAddress)
    .setSessionKeyInfo(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04})
    .setRangingIntervalMillis(240)
    .setSlotDuration(UwbRangingParams.DURATION_2_MS)
    .setSlotsPerRangingRound(20)
    .setRangingRoundIndexes(new byte[]{0x01, 0x05})
    .build();