Los tipos de servicio en primer plano son obligatorios

为了帮助开发者更有目的地定义面向用户的前台服务，Android 10 在 <service> 元素内引入了 android:foregroundServiceType 属性。

如果您的应用以 Android 14 为目标平台，则必须指定适当的前台服务类型。与以前的 Android 版本一样，可组合使用多个类型。下面列出了可供选择的前台服务类型：

如果应用中的用例与这些类型均不相关，强烈建议您迁移逻辑以使用 WorkManager 或用户发起的数据传输作业。

Android 14 中新增了 health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse 和 systemExempted 类型。

以下代码段提供了一个清单中的前台服务类型声明示例：

<manifest ...>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
    <application ...>
      <service
          android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
          android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
          android:exported="false">
      </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

如果以 Android 14 为目标平台的应用未在清单中定义给定服务的类型，系统会在调用 startForeground() 时引发 MissingForegroundServiceTypeException。

Declara un nuevo permiso para usar tipos de servicio en primer plano

If apps that target Android 14 use a foreground service, they must declare a specific permission, based on the foreground service type, that Android 14 introduces. These permissions appear in the sections labeled "permission that you must declare in your manifest file" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

All of the permissions are defined as normal permissions and are granted by default. Users cannot revoke these permissions.

Incluye el tipo de servicio en primer plano durante el tiempo de ejecución

对于启动前台服务的应用，最佳实践是使用 startForeground() 的 ServiceCompat 版本（在 androidx-core 1.12 及更高版本中提供），并在其中传入前台服务类型的按位整数。您可以选择传递一个或多个类型值。

通常，您应仅声明特定用例所需的类型。这样可以更轻松地满足系统对每种前台服务类型的预期。如果某项前台服务以多种类型启动，则该前台服务必须遵守所有类型的平台强制执行要求。

ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

如果在调用中未指定前台服务类型，则类型默认为清单中定义的值。如果您未在清单中指定服务类型，系统会抛出 MissingForegroundServiceTypeException。

如果前台服务在启动后需要新权限，您应再次调用 startForeground() 并添加新的服务类型。例如，假设一款健身应用运行一项始终需要 location 信息但可能不需要 media 权限的跑步跟踪器服务。您需要在清单中同时声明 location 和 mediaPlayback。如果用户开始跑步，只希望跟踪其位置信息，您的应用应调用 startForeground()，并仅传递 location 服务类型。然后，如果用户想开始播放音频，请再次调用 startForeground() 并传递 location|mediaPlayback。

Verificaciones del tiempo de ejecución del sistema

The system checks for proper use of foreground service types and confirms that the app has requested the proper runtime permissions or uses the required APIs. For instance, the system expects apps that use the foreground service type FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION type to request either ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION.

This implies that apps must follow a very specific order of operations when requesting permissions from the user and starting foreground services. Permissions must be requested and granted before the app attempts to call startForeground(). Apps that request the appropriate permissions after the foreground service has been started must change this order of operations and request the permission before starting the foreground service.

The specifics of platform enforcement appear in the sections labeled "runtime requirements" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

Casos de uso previstos y aplicación forzosa para cada tipo de servicio en primer plano

Para usar un tipo determinado de servicio en primer plano, debes declarar un permiso particular en tu archivo de manifiesto, además de cumplir con requisitos específicos del tiempo de ejecución. Tu app también debe cumplir con uno de los conjuntos de casos de uso previstos para ese tipo. En las siguientes secciones, se explica el permiso que debes declarar, los requisitos previos del tiempo de ejecución y los casos de uso previstos para cada tipo.

Cámara

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en android:foregroundServiceType
camera
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución

Solicita y obtén el permiso de tiempo de ejecución CAMERA

Nota: El permiso de tiempo de ejecución CAMERA está sujeto a restricciones durante el uso. Por este motivo, no puedes crear un servicio en primer plano de camera mientras la app está en segundo plano, con algunas excepciones. Para obtener más información, consulta Restricciones para iniciar servicios en primer plano que necesitan permisos durante el uso.

Descripción

Continúa accediendo a la cámara en segundo plano, como las apps de videochat que permiten realizar varias tareas a la vez.

Dispositivo conectado

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
connectedDevice
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Description

Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.

Alternatives

If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.

If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.

Sincronización de datos

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
dataSync
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Data transfer operations, such as the following:

  • Data upload or download
  • Backup-and-restore operations
  • Import or export operations
  • Fetch data
  • Local file processing
  • Transfer data between a device and the cloud over a network
Alternatives

See Alternatives to data sync foreground services for detailed information.

Salud

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
health
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

注意：BODY_SENSORS 和基于传感器的读取运行时权限受“在使用时”限制。因此，除非您已获得 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND（API 级别 33 到 35）或 READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND（API 级别 36 及更高级别）权限，否则您无法创建在应用处于后台运行时使用身体传感器的 health 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要使用时权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

为健身类别的应用（例如锻炼追踪器）提供支持的所有长时间运行的用例。

Ubicación

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
location
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución

El usuario debe haber habilitado los servicios de ubicación, y la app debe tener al menos uno de los siguientes permisos de tiempo de ejecución:

Nota: Para verificar que el usuario habilitó los servicios de ubicación y otorgó acceso a los permisos de tiempo de ejecución, usa PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission().

Nota: Los permisos de tiempo de ejecución de la ubicación están sujetos a restricciones durante el uso. Por este motivo, no puedes crear un servicio en primer plano location mientras la app está en segundo plano, a menos que se te haya otorgado el permiso de tiempo de ejecución ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION. Para obtener más información, consulta Restricciones para iniciar servicios en primer plano que necesitan permisos durante el uso.

Descripción

Casos de uso de larga duración que requieren acceso a la ubicación, como la navegación y el uso compartido de la ubicación

Alternativas

Si tu app debe activarse cuando el usuario llega a ubicaciones específicas, considera usar la API de geovallado.

Contenido multimedia

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaPlayback
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description
Continue audio or video playback from the background. Support Digital Video Recording (DVR) functionality on Android TV.
Alternatives
If you're showing picture-in-picture video, use Picture-in-Picture mode.

Proyección de contenido multimedia

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProjection
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Runtime prerequisites

Call the createScreenCaptureIntent() method before starting the foreground service. Doing so shows a permission notification to the user; the user must grant the permission before you can create the service.

After you have created the foreground service, you can call MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection().

Description

Project content to non-primary display or external device using the MediaProjection APIs. This content doesn't have to be exclusively media content.

Alternatives

To stream media to another device, use the Google Cast SDK.

Micrófono

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
microphone
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE
Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission.

Note: The RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a microphone foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue microphone capture from the background, such as voice recorders or communication apps.

Llamada telefónica

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
phoneCall
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL
Runtime prerequisites

At least one of these conditions must be true:

  • App is the default dialer app through the ROLE_DIALER role.
Description

Continue an ongoing call using the ConnectionService APIs.

Alternatives

If you need to make phone, video, or VoIP calls, consider using the android.telecom library.

Consider using CallScreeningService to screen calls.

Mensajería remota

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
remoteMessaging
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description
Transfer text messages from one device to another. Assists with continuity of a user's messaging tasks when they switch devices.

Servicio corto

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
shortService
在清单中声明的权限
无
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
运行时前提条件
无
说明

快速完成不可中断或推迟的关键工作。

这种类型有一些独特的特征：

  • 只能持续运行一小段时间（大约 3 分钟）。
  • 不支持粘性前台服务。
  • 无法启动其他前台服务。
  • 不需要类型专用权限，不过它仍需要 FOREGROUND_SERVICE 权限。
  • 只有当应用当前符合启动新前台服务的条件时，shortService 才能更改为其他服务类型。
  • 前台服务可以随时将其类型更改为 shortService，届时超时期限将开始。

shortService 的超时时间从调用 Service.startForeground() 开始算起。应用应在发生超时之前调用 Service.stopSelf() 或 Service.stopForeground()。否则，系统会调用新的 Service.onTimeout()，让应用有机会调用 stopSelf() 或 stopForeground() 来停止其服务。

调用 Service.onTimeout() 后的短时间内，应用会进入缓存状态，并且不再被视为处于前台，除非用户正在主动与应用互动。应用缓存一小段时间后，服务还未停止，该应用会收到 ANR 消息。ANR 消息提及 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE。出于这些原因，实现 Service.onTimeout() 回调被视为一种最佳实践。

Android 13 及更低版本中不存在 Service.onTimeout() 回调。如果同一服务在此类设备上运行，则不会出现超时，也不会发生 ANR。确保您的服务在完成处理任务后立即停止，即使它尚未收到 Service.onTimeout() 回调也是如此。

请务必注意，如果未遵循 shortService 的超时设置，即使应用还有其他有效的前台服务或其他应用生命周期进程，应用也会遇到 ANR。

如果应用对用户可见，或满足允许从后台启动前台服务的某一豁免条件，则使用 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE 参数再次调用 Service.StartForeground() 会将超时时间再延长 3 分钟。如果应用对用户不可见且不满足其中一个豁免条件，则尝试启动其他前台服务（无论其类型如何）都会导致 ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException。

即使用户为您的应用停用电池优化功能，仍然会受到 shortService FGS 的影响。

如果您启动包含 shortService 类型和另一个前台服务类型的前台服务，系统会忽略 shortService 类型声明。不过，该服务仍必须遵守其他声明类型的先决条件。如需了解详情，请参阅前台服务文档。

Uso especial

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
specialUse
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Covers any valid foreground service use cases that aren't covered by the other foreground service types.

In addition to declaring the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE foreground service type, developers should declare use cases in the manifest. To do so, they specify the <property> element within the <service> element. These values and corresponding use cases are reviewed when you submit your app in the Google Play Console. The use cases you provide are free-form, and you should make sure to provide enough information to let the reviewer see why you need to use the specialUse type.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

Sistema exento

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
systemExempted
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

  • Device is in demo mode state
  • App is a Device Owner
  • App is a Profiler Owner
  • Safety Apps that have the ROLE_EMERGENCY role
  • Device Admin apps
  • Apps holding SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM or USE_EXACT_ALARM permission and are using Foreground Service to continue alarms in the background, including haptics-only alarms.

  • VPN apps (configured using Settings > Network & Internet > VPN)

    Otherwise, declaring this type causes the system to throw a ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException.

Aplicación forzosa de las políticas de Google Play para usar tipos de servicios en primer plano

Si tu app se segmenta para Android 14 o versiones posteriores, deberás declarar los tipos de servicios en primer plano de la app en la página Contenido de la app de Play Console (Política > Contenido de la app). Para obtener más información sobre cómo declarar los tipos de servicios en primer plano en Play Console, consulta Información sobre los requisitos de los intents de pantalla completa y los servicios en primer plano.